Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a
region)
Gastritis
_________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with
hemorrhage
Acute Gastritis
_________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea
and epigastric pain
Acute Gastritis
_________ Gastritis develops gradually.
Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive
Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and
hematemesis.
Acute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric
pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake.
Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or
allergic reaction
Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease
,Chronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked
chicken or eggs
Acute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting
Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis
Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress)
may increase the susceptibility
Helicobacter pylori
Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination,
long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use,
severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease
Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage
Chronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal
cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark,
tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding.
Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also
back up into the esophagus.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa
,GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus
fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption,
nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g.,
corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics),
nasogastric intubation, and delayed gastric emptying
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when
recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food,
and sensation of a lump in the throat.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and
chronic pulmonary disease
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI
tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and
protective mechanisms
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
, Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically
present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food
Duodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating.
Gastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue
ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI
motility.
Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns
Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries
Cushing's ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of
the precipitating event.
Stress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and
tends to be masked by the primary problem
Stress ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a
region)
Gastritis
_________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with
hemorrhage
Acute Gastritis
_________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea
and epigastric pain
Acute Gastritis
_________ Gastritis develops gradually.
Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive
Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and
hematemesis.
Acute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric
pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake.
Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or
allergic reaction
Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease
,Chronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked
chicken or eggs
Acute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting
Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis
Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress)
may increase the susceptibility
Helicobacter pylori
Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination,
long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use,
severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease
Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage
Chronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal
cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark,
tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding.
Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also
back up into the esophagus.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa
,GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus
fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption,
nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g.,
corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics),
nasogastric intubation, and delayed gastric emptying
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when
recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food,
and sensation of a lump in the throat.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and
chronic pulmonary disease
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI
tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and
protective mechanisms
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
, Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically
present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food
Duodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating.
Gastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue
ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI
motility.
Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns
Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries
Cushing's ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of
the precipitating event.
Stress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and
tends to be masked by the primary problem
Stress ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
