Baylor PSY 1305 FINAL Exam with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025/2026
Edition.
Socrates/Plato - Answer We inherit character and intelligence; certain ideas are inborn; favor
nature over nurture
Aristotle - Answer There is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external
world through the senses; favor nurture
Structuralism - Answer Early psychological school of thought based on introspection
William James - Answer Adaptive functions area result of natural selection
Functionalism - Answer Explored how mental and behavioral processes function; how they
enable organisms to adopt, survive, and flourish
Sigmund Freud - Answer Emphasized the ways our unconscious though process and our
emotional process and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
Psychology seeks to explain behavior or mental processes with the ___________ approach,
which considers the influences of biology, psychology, society, and culture - Answer
biopsychosocial
Hindsight Bias - Answer Helps you make sense of the world but fools yourself in finding
correlations that aren't there
Overconfidence - Answer Motivation to explore but sometimes we think we know more than
we do
Perceiving order in random events - Answer Seeking to find order but events that happen in
nature might have no relation at all
How does curiosity, skepticism, and humility relate to critical thinking? - Answer Curiosity -
Passion to explore the world around us
Skepticism - Persistently asking questions
Humility - Aware of vulnerability
,Case study - Answer One person investigated over a period of time and in great depth
Naturalistic Observation - Answer Records behavior in natural enviornments
Surveys and Interviews - Answer Allows researchers to gather information but not very in
depth of a lot of subjects
Correlational - Answer Seeing a relationship
Experiments - Answer Allows for experimenters to discover cause and effect relationships
Correlational research _________, while experimental research establishes ________
relationships. - Answer predicts ; causation
In a correlation, if a relationship is described as being negative, variable X ________ as variable
Y __________. - Answer increases ; decreases
When variables have no relationship, r = ? - Answer r=0
What is the difference between random and stratified sampling? - Answer Random - each
person in the entire group has an equal chance in participating
Stratified - when people are split into classes and then randomly picked from each class
What is the purpose of a placebo? - Answer Used because it could lead to wrong causation
What is the difference between blind and double-blind procedures? - Answer Blind -
participants are uninformed about what treatment, if any, they are recieving
Double-Blind - neither the participants nor the administrators know which group is receiving
treatment
Theory - Answer An explanations using integrated sets of ideas
Neuron - Answer Basic building block for the body's nervous system
Gilial cells - Answer Support nerve cells, provide nutrients, insulates myelin, guide neueral
connections, play role in learning and thinking
,Dendrite - Answer Receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body
Nodes of Ranvier - Answer The gaps between the myelin sheath
Meylin Sheath - Answer Covers the axon, speeds up neural impulses
Synapse - Answer Transfer information from one cell to another, meeting point between
neurons
Salutatory conduction - Answer The propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons
from one node of ranvier to the next, increasing the conduction of action potentials
All-or-None response - Answer A neutron's reaction of either firing or not firing at all
Refractory period (hyperpolarization) - Answer A period of inactivity after neuron has fired
Threshold - Answer Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural response
Depolarization - Answer When the influx of positive ions change the resting potential,
producing an action
Repolarization - Answer After the conduction of an action potential, the balance of electrical
charges within a neuron returns to the resting potential
Acetylcholine - Answer Enables muscle action, learning, and memory
Dopamine - Answer Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
Serotonin - Answer Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Norepinephrine - Answer Helps control alertness and arousal
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) - Answer A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate - Answer A major excitation neurotransmitter, involved in memory
, Agonist vs Antagonist - Answer Agonist - molecules increase neurotransmitter's action
Antagonist - decrease a neurotransmitter's action
Simple reflex - Answer Quick response to a stimulus that goes to the spinal cord instead of all
the way to the brain; interneurons respond to make muscles contract
Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Answer Amplify brainwaves that change due to stimulus
Positron Emisson Tomography (PET) scan - Answer Looks at glucose use by the neurons
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Answer Soft tissue imaging
Functional MRI (fMRI) - Answer Images blood flow to different areas of the brain
Sensory Neurons - Answer Carry messages from tissue to sensory receptors to the brain and
spinal cord for processing (afferent/inward)
Motor Neurons - Answer Carry instructions from CNS to muscles and glands
(efferent/outward)
SAME - Answer Sensory - Afferent : Motor - Efferent
Interneurons - Answer Neurons w/in the brain and spinal cord ; how the brain processes
information in between sensory and motor (how the two connect)
2 parts of the autonomic peripheral nervous system - Answer 1. Sympathetic nervous
system: arouses the body, mobilizing energy; fight or flight response
2. Parasympathetic nervous system: calms the body, conserves energy; rest & digest
Medulla - Answer Base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
Pons - Answer Above the medulla, coordinates movement and controls sleep
Cerebellum - Answer Processes sensory input, coordinates movement output, balance,
enables nonverbal learning and memory
Reticular Formation - Answer Controls arousal
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025/2026
Edition.
Socrates/Plato - Answer We inherit character and intelligence; certain ideas are inborn; favor
nature over nurture
Aristotle - Answer There is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external
world through the senses; favor nurture
Structuralism - Answer Early psychological school of thought based on introspection
William James - Answer Adaptive functions area result of natural selection
Functionalism - Answer Explored how mental and behavioral processes function; how they
enable organisms to adopt, survive, and flourish
Sigmund Freud - Answer Emphasized the ways our unconscious though process and our
emotional process and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
Psychology seeks to explain behavior or mental processes with the ___________ approach,
which considers the influences of biology, psychology, society, and culture - Answer
biopsychosocial
Hindsight Bias - Answer Helps you make sense of the world but fools yourself in finding
correlations that aren't there
Overconfidence - Answer Motivation to explore but sometimes we think we know more than
we do
Perceiving order in random events - Answer Seeking to find order but events that happen in
nature might have no relation at all
How does curiosity, skepticism, and humility relate to critical thinking? - Answer Curiosity -
Passion to explore the world around us
Skepticism - Persistently asking questions
Humility - Aware of vulnerability
,Case study - Answer One person investigated over a period of time and in great depth
Naturalistic Observation - Answer Records behavior in natural enviornments
Surveys and Interviews - Answer Allows researchers to gather information but not very in
depth of a lot of subjects
Correlational - Answer Seeing a relationship
Experiments - Answer Allows for experimenters to discover cause and effect relationships
Correlational research _________, while experimental research establishes ________
relationships. - Answer predicts ; causation
In a correlation, if a relationship is described as being negative, variable X ________ as variable
Y __________. - Answer increases ; decreases
When variables have no relationship, r = ? - Answer r=0
What is the difference between random and stratified sampling? - Answer Random - each
person in the entire group has an equal chance in participating
Stratified - when people are split into classes and then randomly picked from each class
What is the purpose of a placebo? - Answer Used because it could lead to wrong causation
What is the difference between blind and double-blind procedures? - Answer Blind -
participants are uninformed about what treatment, if any, they are recieving
Double-Blind - neither the participants nor the administrators know which group is receiving
treatment
Theory - Answer An explanations using integrated sets of ideas
Neuron - Answer Basic building block for the body's nervous system
Gilial cells - Answer Support nerve cells, provide nutrients, insulates myelin, guide neueral
connections, play role in learning and thinking
,Dendrite - Answer Receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body
Nodes of Ranvier - Answer The gaps between the myelin sheath
Meylin Sheath - Answer Covers the axon, speeds up neural impulses
Synapse - Answer Transfer information from one cell to another, meeting point between
neurons
Salutatory conduction - Answer The propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons
from one node of ranvier to the next, increasing the conduction of action potentials
All-or-None response - Answer A neutron's reaction of either firing or not firing at all
Refractory period (hyperpolarization) - Answer A period of inactivity after neuron has fired
Threshold - Answer Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural response
Depolarization - Answer When the influx of positive ions change the resting potential,
producing an action
Repolarization - Answer After the conduction of an action potential, the balance of electrical
charges within a neuron returns to the resting potential
Acetylcholine - Answer Enables muscle action, learning, and memory
Dopamine - Answer Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
Serotonin - Answer Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Norepinephrine - Answer Helps control alertness and arousal
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) - Answer A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate - Answer A major excitation neurotransmitter, involved in memory
, Agonist vs Antagonist - Answer Agonist - molecules increase neurotransmitter's action
Antagonist - decrease a neurotransmitter's action
Simple reflex - Answer Quick response to a stimulus that goes to the spinal cord instead of all
the way to the brain; interneurons respond to make muscles contract
Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Answer Amplify brainwaves that change due to stimulus
Positron Emisson Tomography (PET) scan - Answer Looks at glucose use by the neurons
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Answer Soft tissue imaging
Functional MRI (fMRI) - Answer Images blood flow to different areas of the brain
Sensory Neurons - Answer Carry messages from tissue to sensory receptors to the brain and
spinal cord for processing (afferent/inward)
Motor Neurons - Answer Carry instructions from CNS to muscles and glands
(efferent/outward)
SAME - Answer Sensory - Afferent : Motor - Efferent
Interneurons - Answer Neurons w/in the brain and spinal cord ; how the brain processes
information in between sensory and motor (how the two connect)
2 parts of the autonomic peripheral nervous system - Answer 1. Sympathetic nervous
system: arouses the body, mobilizing energy; fight or flight response
2. Parasympathetic nervous system: calms the body, conserves energy; rest & digest
Medulla - Answer Base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
Pons - Answer Above the medulla, coordinates movement and controls sleep
Cerebellum - Answer Processes sensory input, coordinates movement output, balance,
enables nonverbal learning and memory
Reticular Formation - Answer Controls arousal
