MULTIDIMENSIONAL CARE 2026
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ Lab values for Sodium. Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
◉ Lab values for Potassium. Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
◉ Lab values for Calcium. Answer: 8.5-10.2 mEq/L
◉ Lab Values for Magnesium. Answer: 1.8-2.5 mEq/L
◉ Lab Values for Phosphate. Answer: 2.5-4.5 mEq/L
◉ What is hypernatremia?. Answer: high sodium Na > 145
◉ What things can cause hypernatremia?. Answer: dehydration, loss
of water form ECF
,◉ What are the signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?. Answer:
excess thirst, lethargy, muscle twitching, convulsions.
◉ What is hyponatremia?. Answer: low sodium Na < 135
◉ What things can cause hyponatremia?. Answer: water retention,
loss of Na from vomiting, diarrhea, burns, too much water.
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?. Answer:
Neurological dysfunction from swelling of the brain.
◉ What is hyperkalemia?. Answer: high potassium K> 5.0
◉ What things can cause hyperkalemia?. Answer: renal failure,
severe burns, injury, too much K supplements.
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?. Answer:
Intestinal cramping, diarrhea, irregular heart rate, EKG changes.
◉ What is hypokalemia?. Answer: Low potassium K<3.5
◉ What things can cause hypokalemia?. Answer: Vomiting, diarrhea,
improper diet, npo, lasix use, increased insulin and epinephrine use.
, ◉ What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?. Answer:
Muscle weakness, paralysis, irregular heart rate, EKG changes.
◉ What is hypercalemia?. Answer: High Calcium Ca> 10.2
◉ What things can cause hypercalemia?. Answer: overactive
parathyroid, excessive vitamin D, leukemia, (osteoclasts breaking
down too much).
◉ What are signs and symptoms of
hypercalcemia/hypermagnesemia?. Answer: diminished reflexes,
headaches, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, kidney stones,
cardiac arrhythmias.
◉ What is hypocalcemia?. Answer: low calcium Ca<8.5
◉ What are causes of hypocalcemia?. Answer: vitamin D deficiency,
burns, poor nutrition, alkalosis, underactive thyroid.
◉ What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia/
hypomagnesemia?. Answer: increased muscle excitability,
hyperactive reflexes, tingling in the muscles, tetany, positive
trousseau and chvostek signs, tremors.
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ Lab values for Sodium. Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
◉ Lab values for Potassium. Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
◉ Lab values for Calcium. Answer: 8.5-10.2 mEq/L
◉ Lab Values for Magnesium. Answer: 1.8-2.5 mEq/L
◉ Lab Values for Phosphate. Answer: 2.5-4.5 mEq/L
◉ What is hypernatremia?. Answer: high sodium Na > 145
◉ What things can cause hypernatremia?. Answer: dehydration, loss
of water form ECF
,◉ What are the signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?. Answer:
excess thirst, lethargy, muscle twitching, convulsions.
◉ What is hyponatremia?. Answer: low sodium Na < 135
◉ What things can cause hyponatremia?. Answer: water retention,
loss of Na from vomiting, diarrhea, burns, too much water.
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?. Answer:
Neurological dysfunction from swelling of the brain.
◉ What is hyperkalemia?. Answer: high potassium K> 5.0
◉ What things can cause hyperkalemia?. Answer: renal failure,
severe burns, injury, too much K supplements.
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?. Answer:
Intestinal cramping, diarrhea, irregular heart rate, EKG changes.
◉ What is hypokalemia?. Answer: Low potassium K<3.5
◉ What things can cause hypokalemia?. Answer: Vomiting, diarrhea,
improper diet, npo, lasix use, increased insulin and epinephrine use.
, ◉ What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?. Answer:
Muscle weakness, paralysis, irregular heart rate, EKG changes.
◉ What is hypercalemia?. Answer: High Calcium Ca> 10.2
◉ What things can cause hypercalemia?. Answer: overactive
parathyroid, excessive vitamin D, leukemia, (osteoclasts breaking
down too much).
◉ What are signs and symptoms of
hypercalcemia/hypermagnesemia?. Answer: diminished reflexes,
headaches, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, kidney stones,
cardiac arrhythmias.
◉ What is hypocalcemia?. Answer: low calcium Ca<8.5
◉ What are causes of hypocalcemia?. Answer: vitamin D deficiency,
burns, poor nutrition, alkalosis, underactive thyroid.
◉ What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia/
hypomagnesemia?. Answer: increased muscle excitability,
hyperactive reflexes, tingling in the muscles, tetany, positive
trousseau and chvostek signs, tremors.
