BIOD 103/ BIOD103 Module 2 (NEW 2026/ 2027 Update) Medical Terminology | Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct (Accurate Solutions)- Portage Learning

…..DLDD BIOD 103/ BIOD103 Module 2 (NEW 2026/ 2027 Update) Medical Terminology | Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct (Accurate Solutions)- Portage Learning Q. what are the characteristics of prokaryote cells ANSWER *kingdom monera *lack true nucleus *single circular DNA molecule *cell wall Q. what is the function of the nucleolus ANSWER formation of ribosomes Q. which organelle is continuous with the nucleus? ANSWER endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Q. which organelle digest foreign material and dead cell parts? ANSWER Q. which organelle are the transportation canals ANSWER endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Q. which organelle is the site for protein synthesis ANSWER ribosomes Q. what organelle do plant cells have that animals cells do not ANSWER chloroplast Q. what organelle produces energy ANSWER mitochondria Q. which structure allows substances to enter and leave the cell ANSWER plasma membrane Q. which organelle fuses with food vacuoles to digest food particles ANSWER lysosomes Q. chloroplast are associates with the process of ______________. ANSWER photosynthesis Q. which organelle modifies and correctly labels substances so they are delivered to the proper place? ANSWER golgi apparatus Q. what organelle is associated with celluar respiration ANSWER mitochondria Q. what is the plasma membrane made out of ANSWER lipids, carbohydrate chains, cholesterol, and protein Q. what does permeability mean? ANSWER the extent that the membrane will allows substances through Q. explain the structure of the plasma membrane ANSWER *the polar hydrophilic heads face outward *the nonpolar hydrophobic tails face inward *bilayer Q. which embedded protein recognizes other cells by the use of a carbohydrate attachment ANSWER glycoprotein Q. what type of embedded protein attaches to a hormone and changes its shape ANSWER receptor Q. what type of embedded protein will break down or build up macromolecules enzymatic ANSWER Striated muscles have thick and thin filaments whereas smooth muscle does not. False Q. Contraction initiates in skeletal muscle when Ca2+ binds tropomyosin, causing it to slide into a groove on actin, permitting the myosin to form a cross-bridge. ANSWER False Q. The following elements of a muscle are arranged in increasing order of size: thin filament, thick filament, sarcomere, myofibril, myofiber, muscle. ANSWER True Q. If muscle regulation is divided up into three phases, excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, and contraction, regulation of the acetylcholine-gated Na channel would fall under the excitation phase. ANSWER True Q. Antagonistic muscle groups are arranged to prevent limbs from moving under conditions where it is important to remain still. ANSWER False Q. In comparing two animals, species A and species B. Species A has a troponin with a higher affinity for Ca. This would likely result in a muscle that contracts faster following excitation, if all other components are similar between species. ANSWER True Q. Ectotherms regulate a combination of heat production and heat loss to ensure that their body temperature remains within a narrow range. ANSWER False Q. Epithelial tissues are normally found lining the surface of organs, such as the liver and heart. ANSWER False Q. In many solid tissues, the basal lamina is that part of the cell membrane that is attached to connective tissue to give the organ a more defined three-dimensional structure. ANSWER False One of the main differences between multicellular organisms and their protist ancestors was that only multicellular organisms have genes for proteins that permit the cells to bind to macromolecules in the environment. False In contrast to passive transport, all forms of active transport require ATP as a source of energy. False You are comparing 2 animals of similar shape, and both can be modelled as if they were cubes. The smaller animal measures 1 unit x 1 unit x 1 unit. The larger animal is 2 x 2 x 2. The larger animal has twice the surface area to volume of the smaller animal. False Changes made in an animal's phenotype in response to a single environmental factor, such as temperature, are known as acclimatization. Changes in an individual in response to a more complex environmental change, such as winter, are known as acclimation. FALSE When discussing physiological systems, conformers are animals that actively change their internal conditions to ensure that they remain similar to the external environment. False A marine animal might be a osmoconformer when salinity increases and an osmoregulator when it decreases. true Homeostasis is a physiological strategy. It refers to how animals maintain internal conditions completely constant. False Homeostatic systems typically include an integrator, which detects a condition, a sensor, which compiles the sensory information from various sources, and an effector, which causes a change to regain homeostasis False When a fish moves into colder waters, the changes in physiology that result are an example of allostasis. False Pheromones are hormones that are secreted from exocrine glands of animals, and signal other animals, eliciting a specific response. FALSE Chemicals released from nerves typically work in ways that fit the definition of autocrine regulators. False Animals have a gene for insulin but no gene for catecholamines. True Adrenal glands are composed of an inner cortex and outer medulla, with the medulla sitting on top of the kidney. They produce their characteristic secretions by activation of genes to stimulate synthetic pathways. False Juvenile hormone and estradiol are the main two hormones that control insect growth and development, usually acting in reciprocal ways on processes and signaling pathways. False Steroid hormones bind to extracellular receptors and trigger a signaling cascade that culminates in changes in gene expression. False The hormones LH and FSH control reproduction in female mammals, but they have no role in male reproductive biology. False The posterior pituitary is considered a direct connection to the hypothalamus because they are connected by neurons. The hypothalamus indirectly communicates with the anterior pituitary through a blood vessel. True Cyclic AMP is a protein kinase involved in various signalling cascades. Activation of select G-protein coupled receptors stimulates the activity of adenyl cyclase, which makes cAMP, leading to changes in phosphorylation of target proteins. False Both neurons and myocytes are complex tissues with multiple cell types. Neurons are mainly composed of nerves, and myocytes are mainly composed of muscles, though both have diverse cells that play supporting roles. False An action potential arises when a neuron releases neurotransmitter into the synapse. False At rest, a neuron has a higher concentration of Na+ outside the cell than inside, and a higher concentration of K+ inside the cell than outside. True Depolarization of a neuron occurs when Na channels open and Na rushes out of the cell. False During an action potential, the membrane potential first moves toward the equilibrium potential for Na+, then at peak depolarization, moves away from the equilibrium potential for Na+, toward the equilibrium potential for K+. True The CNS is subdivided between the afferent neurons and efferent neurons. The efferent neurons include the motor system and autonomic system, which includes the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric divisions. False Activation of neurons from the parasympathetic nervous system tends to promote functions associated with energy conservation (rest and digest). True Cephalization is the term that relates to the formation of the structures of the head in embryonic development. False Astrocytes are a type of glial cells in the central nervous system that have a number of support functions, including maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. True Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin that covers motor neurons in flight muscles of insects. False The enteric division includes the neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems that control gut motility through effects on the striated muscle of the intestine. False A given neurotransmitter can work in skeletal muscle, binding a receptor that is a ligand-gated Na channel, causing it to contract. The same neurotransmitter binds to receptors in the heart but rather than stimulating contraction, in heart the same neurotransmitter slows this muscle. True or False: The receptors for this neurotransmitter in heart are unlikely to be ligand-gated Na channels. True The AMPA receptor is an ion channel but a NMDA receptor is not an ion channel False Sensory receptors are cells that have receptors that sense physical and/or chemical environmental factors. In other words, "receptor" is being used to refer to both the cell and the protein the cell uses to initiate a response True Sensory receptor cells may or may not be neurons, but even those that aren't neurons are considered to secrete neurotransmitters. True Cayenne peppers taste hot because they bind to thermoreceptors and cause local heating. False In a hair cell receptor, the key point is that the hairs on the apical end of the cell are different lengths. This permits the cells to detect a direction of fluid flow, such as anterior to posterior. True or false: If the hair cells were the same length, they could detect fluid movements in both directions. False Taste, smell and light sensing are all considered chemosensing because a ligand binds onto the receptor to initiate a response. False Statocysts only work in animals that are neutrally buoyant because the statoliths in the statocysts are the same density as water. False We define bioluminescence as visible light produced by a biochemical reaction in a living organism. Warm-bodied animals, including humans, can also be seen in the dark via the infrared radiation they produce through the thermal motion of particles. True or false: By these definitions, even humans could be said to produce bioluminescence because of the thermal radiation we produce. False Birds that fly between north and south might use a magnetic compass but animals that move up and down cannot use magnetic fields to navigate. false a lump of sugar in a beaker of water will ______________. diffuse until equally dispersed throughout the water isotonic means the concentration outside the cell is ________ to the inside of the cell equal a cell placed in a hypertonic solution will _____. shrink a cell placed in a hypotonic solution will ________. swell in an animal cell, the term hemolysis means the cell will _______. burst in animal cells, the term crenation means the cell will ______. shrink in plant cells, the term plasmolysis means the cell will _____. shrink in plant cells, the term tugor pressure means the cell will _____. swell ________ is required for active transport to take place. energy (ATP) The entrance of large particles into the cell is accomplished by phagocytosis The entrance of small particles into the cell is accomplished by pinocytosis Hormones are a type of which macromolecule _____. protein Free ribosomes are found where in the cell? cytoplasm What structure of the cytoskeleton participates in the formation of cell cleavage furrows? microfilaments What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize? lipids are carbohydrates What two important structures of the endomembrane system are joined by secretory vesicles? golgi apparatus and plasma membrane What cell structure is described as a diffuse mass of DNA that will condense into chromosomes? chromatin True or False: Flagella, but not cilia, contain the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules? false What is the semi-fluid medium at the cytoplasm called? cytosol What organelle acts as a protective barrier, regulating the chemical composition of a cell? cell (plasma) membrane True or False: Theodor Schwann contended that cells arise only from other cells. false What cell structure digests damaged organelles? lysosomes What organelle has cisternae; a system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-like cavities? ER What organelle assembles ribosomal parts? nucleolus What rod-shaped structures appear when chromatin coils condense in a dividing cell? chromosomes What is the function of the Diffusion and osmosis? Outer boundary, regulates passage of substances in/out of cell Why is the plasma membrane described as being a "fluid mosaic"? Phospholipids are unsaturated, has consistency of salad oil; mosaic refers to embedded proteins throughout the membrane Why is cholesterol an important component of plasma membrane? *Makes membrane less fluid *helps with permeability *helps to make a more solid and restrictive barrier The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration. difussion The movement of water from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration. osmosis True or False: Diffusion and osmosis require energy to occur. false *forms outer boundary or cell *semi permeable *forms membrane bound organelles *aids in maintaining the complex internal organization of a cell cell membrane/plasma membrane *everything between the nuclear envelope and the cell boundary *site of most chemical reactions of life cytoplasm the semi-fluid portion of cytoplasm cytosol *10% of the volume of the cell *mission control- manages protein synthesis nucleus *small dense spheres within the nucleus- tightly coiled regions of the DNA *genes for ribosomal RNA *building blocks of ribosomes nucleolus *porous double-membrane organelle *forms outer boundary of nucleus *protects the DNA nuclear envelope *small dense granules made of proteins and rRNA *attached to endoplasmic reticulum *can become free bound ribosomes *small dense granules made of proteins and rRNA *suspended in cytosol *can become bound free ribosomes *network of membranous tubes dotted with bound ribosomes *loosely surrounds the nucleus *modify proteins rough endoplasmic reticulum *network of membranous tubes *loosely surrounds the nucleus *makes carbohydrates and lipids smooth endoplasmic reticulum *membrane bound bubble *moves modified proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates to cis face of golgi apparatus transport vesicle *network of membranous tubes *receives compounds from ER *attaches a chemical "address label" for compounds destined for export golgi apparatus *membrane bound bubble *moves finished compounds to cell membrane for export secretory vesicle *membrane bound bubble containing hydrolytic enzymes *cel's stomach *merges with food vacuole and digest organic compounds lysosomes *membrane bound bubble *transports food particles and captured microbes from outside the cell into cytoplasm food vacuole *double membrane bound organelle *harvest chemical energy from organic monomers and stores the energy in ATP mitochondria *double membrane bound organelle *harnesses light energy and uses it to build sugar chloroplast *all through cytoplasm *gives shape to cell *supports organelles cytoskeleton *one kind of cytoskeleton element *movement actin filaments internal monorail system for moving organelles through cytoplasm microtubules scaffolding that supports organelles intermediate filaments region of the cytoplasm that makes spindle fibers for cell division centrosome associated with cell division but not necessary centriole *small oar-like structure projecting outside the cell membrane *movement for single celled microbes cilia *long whip-like tail projecting outside the cell membrane *wiggles back and forth moving cell through liquid flagella *large membranous sac in plant cells *maintains structural integrity of plant cells central vacuole *small membrane bound prganelle in aerobic eukaryotes *catalase enzymes in organelle convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas perioxisomes