NCM 102 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

NCM 102 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Learning - Answers - is relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, and behavior as a result of experience. - enables individuals to adapt to demands and changing circumstances and is crucial in health A Learning Theory - Answers is a coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn. Contribution Of Learning Theories - Answers - Provides information and techniques to guide teaching and learning - Can be employed individually or in combination - Can be applied in a variety of settings as well as for personal growth and interpersonal relations. BEHAVIORIST THEORY - Answers - Environmental stimulus conditions, reinforcement promote changes in responses. - To change behavior, change the stimulus conditions in the environment and the reinforcement after a response. Respondent Conditioning - Answers learning occurs as the organism responds to stimulus conditions and forms associations. - A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response connection until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response. NS - Answers Neutral Stimulus - stimulus that does not elicit a response prior to conditioning UCS - Answers Unconditioned stimulus- stimulus that naturally triggers a response UCR - Answers unconditioned response - an unlearned, natural response to the UCS CS - Answers Conditioned Stimulus- previously neutral, now elicits response. CR - Answers conditioned response - the learned response to a previously neutral response . Operant Conditioning - Answers -Learning occurs as the organism responds to stimuli in the environment and is reinforced for making a particular response. A reinforcer is applied after a response strengthens the probability that the response will be performed again under similar conditions. Changing Behavior Using Operant Conditioning - Answers -To increase behavior positive reinforcement negative reinforcement (escape or avoidance conditioning) -To decrease behavior non-reinforcement punishment Escape Conditioning - Answers As an unpleasant stimulus is being applied, the individual responds in some way that cause the uncomfortable situation to cease. Avoidance Conditioning - Answers The unpleasant stimulus is anticipated rather than being applied directly. Avoidance conditioning has been used to explain some people's Advantages of Behaviorism - Answers - Highly structured situations - Skills training in which steps and sequences can be clearly delineated Disadvantages of Behaviorism - Answers - Instruction is mechanistic - Minimizes student involvement in learning - Inappropriate for complex mental processes, problem-solving, and critical thinking COGNITIVE THEORY - Answers Internal perception and thought processing within a context of human development promote learning and change. - To change behavior, work with the developmental stage and change cognitions, goals, expectations, equilibrium, and ways of processing information. - Viewed as a highly active process largely directed by the individual. - It involves perceiving the information, interpreting it based on what is already known, and then recognizing the information into new insights or understanding. Gestalt Perspective - Answers - Perception and the patterning of stimuli (gestalt) are the keys to learning, with each learner perceiving, interpreting, and reorganizing experiences in her/his own way. - Learning occurs through the reorganization of elements to form new insights and understanding. Information-Processing Perspective - Answers - The way individuals perceive, process, store, and retrieve information from experiences determines how learning occurs and what is learned. - Organizing information and making it meaningful aids the attention and storage process; learning occurs through guidance, feedback, and assessing and correcting errors. - Focus on describing the way information is tracked, the sequence of mental operations, and the results of operations. Cognitive Development Perspective - Answers Learning depends on the stage of cognitive functioning, with qualitative, sequential changes in perception, language, and thought occurring as children and adults interact with the environment. - Recognize the developmental stage and provide appropriate experiences to encourage discovery. Social Constructivist Perspective - Answers - A person's knowledge may not necessarily reflect reality, but through collaboration and negotiation, new understanding is acquired. - Learning is development. Assimilation, accommodation, & construction are part of learning. - An individual's perceptions, beliefs, and social judgments are affected strongly by social interaction, communication, groups, and the social situation. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - Answers External role models and their perceived reinforcement along with learner's internal influences. - To change behavior, utilize effective role models who are perceived to be rewarded, and work with the social situation and the learner's internal self-regulating mechanisms. - Social learning theory explains human behavior through observation and imitation. - The theory states that humans learn socially not just intellectually. This means we learn from our peers, parents, teachers, coaches, etc., rather than solely from books. Role modelling - Answers is a central concept of social learning theory. To facilitate learning, role models need to be enthusiastic, professionally organized, caring and self-confident, as well as knowledgeable, skilled, and good communicators. Vicarious Reinforcement - Answers involves determining whether role models are perceived as reward or punished for their behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES (external) - Answers -stimulus conditions and configuration of elements -social and cultural influences -role models, experts, and guides -reinforcements -feedback LEARNER INFLUENCES (internal) - Answers -developmental stage -habits -perception -thoughts and reasoning -schema -ways of processing information -memory storage -conscious and unconscious motivation -self-regulation -subjective feelings -self-concept -expectations -goals PSYCHODYNAMIC LEARNING THEORY - Answers - the theory of motivation - stresses emotions rather than cognition or response. - emphasizes the importance of conscious and unconscious forces in guiding behavior, personality conflicts, and the enduring effects of childhood experiences on adult behavior. HUMANISTIC LEARNING THEORY - Answers directed toward learning and socio-emotional growth as a human being. The basic of Humanist Learning Theory - motivation is derived from each person's needs, subjective feelings about the self, and the desire to grow. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY - Answers scientific study of psychological behavior based on neurological assessment of the brain and the central nervous system. Maybe applied to psychological aspect of behavior, including learning. INFANCY - TODDLERHOOD - Answers birth to 2 years EARLY CHILDHOOD - Answers 3-5 years MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD - Answers 6-11 years ADOLESCENCE - Answers 12-19 years YOUNG ADULTHOOD - Answers 20-40 years MIDDLE-AGED ADULT - Answers 41-60 years OLDER ADULTHOOD - Answers 65 and over Cognitive Changes: - Answers Decreased ability to think abstractly, process information, Decreased short-term memory, Increased reaction time, Increased test anxiety, Stimulus persistence (afterimage), Focuses on past life experiences Sensory/Motor Changes: - Answers Auditory changes, Visual changes, distorted depth perception, Fatigue/decreased energy levels, Pathophysiology (chronic illness) Psychosocial Changes: - Answers Decreased risk taking, Selective by formal learning, Health Education - Answers is define as the process of passing on health messages with the aim of influencing peoples' behaviours, attitudes and practices Historical Foundations of the Nurse Educator Role - Answers Health education has long been considered a standard care-giving role of the nurse. Patient teaching is recognized as an independent nursing function. Nursing practice has expanded to include education in the broad concepts of health and illness. NLNE/NLN (National League of Nursing) - Answers • first observed health teaching as an important function within the scope of nursing practice • responsible for identifying course content for curriculum on principles of teaching and learning b. ANA (American Nurses Association) - Answers • responsible for establishing standards and qualifications for practice, including patient teaching ICN (International Council for Nurses) - Answers • endorses health education as an essential component of nursing care delivery State Nurse Practice Acts - Answers • universally includes teaching within the scope of nursing practice JCAHO (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) - Answers accreditation mandates require evidence of patient education to improve outcomes AHA (American Heart Association; American Hospital Association) - Answers Patient's Bill of Rights ensures that clients receive complete and current information g. Health Professions Commission - Answers • puts forth a set of health profession competencies for the 21st century • over one-half of recommendations pertain to importance of patient and staff education Six Aims for Improvement - Answers • "First, do no harm," • Second, health care must be effective. • Third, health care should be patient-centered. • Fourth, care should be timely. • Fifth, the health care system should be efficient • Sixth, health care should be equitable. Physical health - Answers learning experiences that helps promote the ability of the body to function accordingly. Mental health - Answers the ability of an individual to make correct judgments or sound decisions to cope with situations or conditions affecting her daily activities.