BIOL 231 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWERS
what is the cell theory - ANSWER all living things are made of cells, cells are the
smallest living things, all cells came from other cells
average size of a prokaryotic cell? - ANSWER 1 micrometer
average size of eukaryotic cells - ANSWER 10-100 micrometers
what eukaryotic cells can occasionally be larger than 100 micrometers that was
mentioned in class? - ANSWER dino eggs
what is 1 A equal to - ANSWER 0.1nm
what is the average size of atoms - ANSWER 5-200 A (.5-20 nm)
what is LUCA? - ANSWER last universal common ancestor
what is the interior of any organ called - ANSWER lumen
describe a generic animal cell - ANSWER have cytoskeleton, plasma membrane,
nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope, rough and smooth ER, mitochondria,
golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vesicles, nucleolus, filaments
describe a generic plant cell - ANSWER cell wall, chloroplast, plasmodesma,
vacuole, centrioles, cytoskeleton (their cytoskeleton is more extensive)
cells are ordered systems which requires two things: - ANSWER a boundary:
inside is ordered (living) and outside is nonliving
energy: to organize and create and maintain order, to counteract the tendency
to randomness that we called entropy.
what is the role of the plasma membrane? - ANSWER separates ordered, living
cell from nonliving outside.
what are the seven properties of cell boundaries - ANSWER continuous,
selectively permeable, asymmetric, disequilibrium between sides, locus for
biochemical activity, respond to external signals, mediate intercellular
interactions,
, how does SA relate to V for a cell? - ANSWER S/V ratio is proportional to 1/r, so
as the cell gets bigger, the ratio of S/V gets smaller. this is becuase as cells get
bigger it is harder to import nutrients and export waste
how can you experimentally identify the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm
compartments of cells? - ANSWER you can inject a small amount of colored dye
molecule into the cell the dye which is hydrophilic will not cross the membranes
and will enter the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm which are all outside the
membranes.
(vise versa for staining the inside ( add it to the extracellular fluid)
how does communication or transport of elements of the endomembrane system
occur? - ANSWER through budding which is leaving of vesicles from one
element and they're fusion with another. They bud (leave) from one organelle,
move their target and then fuse with the target organelle
why is it sometimes preferred for a molecule to have single or double bonds -
ANSWER depending on the type of stability required, single bonds can rotate
freely and flexible, while double bonds are more stable.
which types of bonds form crystalline solids in the absence of water - ANSWER
ionic bonds. this is because of electrostatic attraction. the direction/pattern is
omnidirectional which means they are all in the same direction
which interactions are weakened in water and dissolved in salts? - ANSWER
electrostatic interactions.
what makes water so special - ANSWER it is polar and have two distinct ends
with differences in charge which allows for hydrogen bonding. water can also
self ionize into H+ and OH-.
what does the concentration of H+ and OH- always equal for water? - ANSWER
10^-14. so concentration of each at neutral is 10^-7
what are the two not ionized important functional groups - ANSWER methyl
(CH3) and carbonyl (C=O)
what are the 4 acidic functional groups - ANSWER hydroxyl/alcohol (-OH),
sulfhydryl (-SH), phosphate (P=O), and carboxyl/carboxylic acid (COOH)
what is the basic functional group - ANSWER amino groups (-NH2) gains H+ from
the environment as the pH decreases
what is pK compared to PH - ANSWER pk is the halfway point for ionization. PH
lower than pK means the group will be protonated. A pH higher than pK means
the group is deprotonated.
COMPLETE ANSWERS
what is the cell theory - ANSWER all living things are made of cells, cells are the
smallest living things, all cells came from other cells
average size of a prokaryotic cell? - ANSWER 1 micrometer
average size of eukaryotic cells - ANSWER 10-100 micrometers
what eukaryotic cells can occasionally be larger than 100 micrometers that was
mentioned in class? - ANSWER dino eggs
what is 1 A equal to - ANSWER 0.1nm
what is the average size of atoms - ANSWER 5-200 A (.5-20 nm)
what is LUCA? - ANSWER last universal common ancestor
what is the interior of any organ called - ANSWER lumen
describe a generic animal cell - ANSWER have cytoskeleton, plasma membrane,
nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope, rough and smooth ER, mitochondria,
golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vesicles, nucleolus, filaments
describe a generic plant cell - ANSWER cell wall, chloroplast, plasmodesma,
vacuole, centrioles, cytoskeleton (their cytoskeleton is more extensive)
cells are ordered systems which requires two things: - ANSWER a boundary:
inside is ordered (living) and outside is nonliving
energy: to organize and create and maintain order, to counteract the tendency
to randomness that we called entropy.
what is the role of the plasma membrane? - ANSWER separates ordered, living
cell from nonliving outside.
what are the seven properties of cell boundaries - ANSWER continuous,
selectively permeable, asymmetric, disequilibrium between sides, locus for
biochemical activity, respond to external signals, mediate intercellular
interactions,
, how does SA relate to V for a cell? - ANSWER S/V ratio is proportional to 1/r, so
as the cell gets bigger, the ratio of S/V gets smaller. this is becuase as cells get
bigger it is harder to import nutrients and export waste
how can you experimentally identify the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm
compartments of cells? - ANSWER you can inject a small amount of colored dye
molecule into the cell the dye which is hydrophilic will not cross the membranes
and will enter the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm which are all outside the
membranes.
(vise versa for staining the inside ( add it to the extracellular fluid)
how does communication or transport of elements of the endomembrane system
occur? - ANSWER through budding which is leaving of vesicles from one
element and they're fusion with another. They bud (leave) from one organelle,
move their target and then fuse with the target organelle
why is it sometimes preferred for a molecule to have single or double bonds -
ANSWER depending on the type of stability required, single bonds can rotate
freely and flexible, while double bonds are more stable.
which types of bonds form crystalline solids in the absence of water - ANSWER
ionic bonds. this is because of electrostatic attraction. the direction/pattern is
omnidirectional which means they are all in the same direction
which interactions are weakened in water and dissolved in salts? - ANSWER
electrostatic interactions.
what makes water so special - ANSWER it is polar and have two distinct ends
with differences in charge which allows for hydrogen bonding. water can also
self ionize into H+ and OH-.
what does the concentration of H+ and OH- always equal for water? - ANSWER
10^-14. so concentration of each at neutral is 10^-7
what are the two not ionized important functional groups - ANSWER methyl
(CH3) and carbonyl (C=O)
what are the 4 acidic functional groups - ANSWER hydroxyl/alcohol (-OH),
sulfhydryl (-SH), phosphate (P=O), and carboxyl/carboxylic acid (COOH)
what is the basic functional group - ANSWER amino groups (-NH2) gains H+ from
the environment as the pH decreases
what is pK compared to PH - ANSWER pk is the halfway point for ionization. PH
lower than pK means the group will be protonated. A pH higher than pK means
the group is deprotonated.
