Human Physiology 261 Midterm Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Alread
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1. Physiology The study of normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts
2. Homeostasis Regulation of the body's internal environment, by quickly, restoring, changed
conditions and returning back to normal.
maintains the internal stability of our bodies making sure we don't deviate from
normal. Deviation will lead to illness
3. Teleological ap- the function of the system is explaining the why.
proach example would be that cells need oxygen, so red blood cells bring it to them.
4. Mechanistic ap- The process/mechanism describes the how.
proach Example oxygen will bind to hemoglobin molecules within the red blood cells
5. Pathophysiology Abnormal functioning systems
6. Negative feed- Stabilizes the variable. The response. The stimulus.
back loop Example, body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar, and fluid content
7. Positive feedback Reinforces the stimulus
loop Example childbirth
, Human Physiology 261 Midterm Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Alread
Graded A+ UPDATE 2026!! Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_j58vvc
8. Levels of organi- Atom, molecules, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, Organ, organ system,
zation from organism
Smallest to
largest
9. What is the small- Cell
est functioning
unit in the body?
10. What is a theory? A scientific opinion that was replicated by other scientist it is supported by data
on multiple occasions
11. Hypothesis A scientific logical guess
12. Experimental de- Observation
sign Hypothesis
Experimental data
Replication
Model
Theory
13. Independent What is changed
variable
, Human Physiology 261 Midterm Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Alread
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14. dependent vari- What is observed
able
15. Controlled vari- What is kept the same
able
16. Crossover study You use the same person twice one for placebo and one for the regular experi-
ment
17. Placebo A treatment that appears real, but it's designed I have no therapeutic benefit
Example giving someone a sugar pill
18. Nocebo A harmless substance or treatment that may cause harmful. Side effects are
worsening of symptoms, because the patient thinks or believes they may occur
or expects them to occur.
19. Double blind A clinical trial, in which neither the participants nor the researcher know which
studies study group the patients are in.
20. Double blind A type of clinical trial, in which neither the participants, nor the researchers, knows
crossover studies which treatment or intervention participants, are receiving until the clinical trials
over
21. Longitudinal cross-sectional studies interview a fresh sample of people each time they are
studies vs cross carried out, whereas longitudinal studies follow the same sample of people over
sectional studies time.
22. Perspective vs Perspective studies = individuals are studied over time and data is collected
retrospective
Retrospective= Individuals are sampled and info is collected about their past
23. Meta-analysis Quantitative formal study used to assess results from previous research to drive
conclusions about the research. This is how contradictory results are prevented.
, Human Physiology 261 Midterm Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Alread
Graded A+ UPDATE 2026!! Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_j58vvc
24. An atom that Isotope
gains or
loses neutrons
becomes an
___________ of the
same element.
25. An atom that Ion
gains or loses
electrons be-
comes an _____
of the same ele-
ment.
26. Cations Positively charged
Lost electrons
27. Anions Negatively charged
Gained electrons
28. What is a glycosy- Glycosylation refers to the process, where in a carbohydrate and other organic
lated molecule? molecules are combined through the acid of certain enzymes.
Glycoproteins - sugars
Phosphoproteins - phosphate
Graded A+ UPDATE 2026!! Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_j58vvc
1. Physiology The study of normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts
2. Homeostasis Regulation of the body's internal environment, by quickly, restoring, changed
conditions and returning back to normal.
maintains the internal stability of our bodies making sure we don't deviate from
normal. Deviation will lead to illness
3. Teleological ap- the function of the system is explaining the why.
proach example would be that cells need oxygen, so red blood cells bring it to them.
4. Mechanistic ap- The process/mechanism describes the how.
proach Example oxygen will bind to hemoglobin molecules within the red blood cells
5. Pathophysiology Abnormal functioning systems
6. Negative feed- Stabilizes the variable. The response. The stimulus.
back loop Example, body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar, and fluid content
7. Positive feedback Reinforces the stimulus
loop Example childbirth
, Human Physiology 261 Midterm Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Alread
Graded A+ UPDATE 2026!! Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_j58vvc
8. Levels of organi- Atom, molecules, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, Organ, organ system,
zation from organism
Smallest to
largest
9. What is the small- Cell
est functioning
unit in the body?
10. What is a theory? A scientific opinion that was replicated by other scientist it is supported by data
on multiple occasions
11. Hypothesis A scientific logical guess
12. Experimental de- Observation
sign Hypothesis
Experimental data
Replication
Model
Theory
13. Independent What is changed
variable
, Human Physiology 261 Midterm Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Alread
Graded A+ UPDATE 2026!! Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_j58vvc
14. dependent vari- What is observed
able
15. Controlled vari- What is kept the same
able
16. Crossover study You use the same person twice one for placebo and one for the regular experi-
ment
17. Placebo A treatment that appears real, but it's designed I have no therapeutic benefit
Example giving someone a sugar pill
18. Nocebo A harmless substance or treatment that may cause harmful. Side effects are
worsening of symptoms, because the patient thinks or believes they may occur
or expects them to occur.
19. Double blind A clinical trial, in which neither the participants nor the researcher know which
studies study group the patients are in.
20. Double blind A type of clinical trial, in which neither the participants, nor the researchers, knows
crossover studies which treatment or intervention participants, are receiving until the clinical trials
over
21. Longitudinal cross-sectional studies interview a fresh sample of people each time they are
studies vs cross carried out, whereas longitudinal studies follow the same sample of people over
sectional studies time.
22. Perspective vs Perspective studies = individuals are studied over time and data is collected
retrospective
Retrospective= Individuals are sampled and info is collected about their past
23. Meta-analysis Quantitative formal study used to assess results from previous research to drive
conclusions about the research. This is how contradictory results are prevented.
, Human Physiology 261 Midterm Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Alread
Graded A+ UPDATE 2026!! Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_j58vvc
24. An atom that Isotope
gains or
loses neutrons
becomes an
___________ of the
same element.
25. An atom that Ion
gains or loses
electrons be-
comes an _____
of the same ele-
ment.
26. Cations Positively charged
Lost electrons
27. Anions Negatively charged
Gained electrons
28. What is a glycosy- Glycosylation refers to the process, where in a carbohydrate and other organic
lated molecule? molecules are combined through the acid of certain enzymes.
Glycoproteins - sugars
Phosphoproteins - phosphate
