WGU C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND
WELLNESS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Nutrition6-6ANSWERS--
provides6the6body6with6the6nutrients6it6needs6to6perform6its6daily6tasks
Undernutrition6-6ANSWERS--implies6that6the6individual6is6not6getting6enough6
nutrients.6This6can6occur6even6if6the6person6is6consuming6more6than6enough6calories
Malnutrition6-6ANSWERS--an6imbalance6of6proper6nutrients
Anorexia6nervosa6-6ANSWERS--
literally6means6loss6of6appetite,6but6this6is6a6misnomer:6A6person6with6this6is6hungry,6
but6denies6the6hunger6because6of6an6irrational6fear6of6becoming6fat.6Self-
starvation,6food6preoccupation6and6rituals,6compulsive6exercising,6and6often6an6abse
nce6of6menstrual6cycles6in6women.6
Untreated,6can6be6fatal.
Bulimia6-6ANSWERS--
characterized6by6recurring6periods6of6binge6eating,6during6which6large6amounts6of6foo
d6are6consumed6in6a6short6period6of6time6followed6by6purging6(through6self-
induced6vomiting,6abuse6of6laxatives6and/or6diuretics)6or6periods6of6fasting
Binge6eating6disorder6(BED)6-6ANSWERS--
episodes6of6binge6eating6characterized6by6eating6rapidly,6eating6large6amounts6of6foo
d6even6when6not6feeling6hungry,6and6feeling6guilty6or6depressed6after6overeating.
Obesity6-6ANSWERS--
156to6206percent6above6normal6weight.6Poor6dietary6patterns;6include6increased6intak
e6of6sugars6in6sweetened6soft6drinks,6foods,6and6meals6of6high6energy,6low6nutrient6d
ensity,6and6large6portion6sizes.6At6risk6for6serious6health6problems6such6as6type626dia
betes,6hypertension,6heart6disease,6stroke,6and6some6types6of6cancer.
Minerals6-6ANSWERS--
inorganic6material.6Form6body6parts6(teeth6and6bones),6maintain6acid-
base6neutrality,6regulate6nerve6impulses,6osmotic6pressure,6and6electrolyte6balance
Major6minerals6-6ANSWERS--needed6by6the6body:
•6calcium—milk,6cheese,6sardines,6salmon,6green6vegetables
•6phosphorus—milk,6cheese,6lean6meat
•6potassium—oranges,6bananas,6dried6fruits
•6sulfur—eggs,6poultry,6fish
•6sodium—table6salt,6beef,6eggs,6cheese
•6chloride—table6salt,6meat
,•6magnesium—green6vegetables,6whole6grains
Trace6minerals6-6ANSWERS--
required6in6lesser6amounts,6and6include6iron,6zinc,6selenium,6magnesium,6copper,6iod
ine,6fluorine,6chromium,6molybdenum,6and6manganese
HDL6cholesterol6(high6density6lipoproteins)6-6ANSWERS--
protect6the6body6against6heart6disease.6Often6called6"good"6cholesterol.
LDL6cholesterol6(low6density6lipoproteins)6-6ANSWERS--
most6cholesterol6in6the6blood6is6of6this6type.6Often6referred6to6as6the6bad6cholesterol.6
high6levels6in6the6blood6increases6the6risk6of6fatty6deposits6forming6in6the6arteries,6whi
ch6in6turn6increases6the6risk6of6a6heart6attack
Lipoproteins6-6ANSWERS--
large6molecules6of6fat6and6protein6in6the6bloodstream;6how6cholesterol6is6transported
Antioxidants6-6ANSWERS--
slow6the6aging6process.6Reduce6cellular6damage6by6binding6with6free6radicals6produc
ed6during6oxidation6reactions
Oxidation6reactions6-6ANSWERS--the6energy-
yielding6reactions6in6which6either6an6oxygen6atom6adds6an6electron6to6or6a6hydrogen6
atom6removes6an6electron6from6a6substrate6(a6group6of6atoms6or6molecule)—
the6net6result6is6a6substrate6that6has6had6a6partial6or6complete6loss6of6a6negatively6ch
arge6particle,6an6electron.6Two6partially6charged6atoms6or6groups6of6atoms,6one6positi
vely6charged6and6the6other6negatively6charged,6now6exist
Free6radical6(Oxidant)6-6ANSWERS--
any6atom6or6group6of6atoms6that6has6an6unpaired6electron.6Because6electrons6typicall
y6function6in6pairs,6these6are6very6prone6to6binding6to6other6substrates6in6an6effort6to6r
egain6this6paired6status.6When6this6happens6in6the6human6body,6there6is6potential6for6
a6great6deal6of6damage.
Carbohydrates6-6ANSWERS--
produce646calories6of6energy6per6gram.6Found6in6foods6as6monosaccharides,6disacch
arides,6and6polysaccharides.6Sources6include6fruits,6vegetables,6pasta,6and6rice6whic
h6consist6of6simple6sugars6and6starches
Protein6-6ANSWERS--
produce646calories6of6energy6per6gram.6Sources6include6meats6and6milk.6Composed6
of686essential(provided6by6the6diet)6and6126nonessential(synthesized6by6the6body)6a
mino6acids.6Perform6many6functions6including6building6cells6and6tissues,6forming6bloo
d6and6enzymes,6and6fighting6infection.
means6primary,6and6no6organism6can6live,6and6almost6no6biological6process6can6take
6place,6without6it
Lipids6-6ANSWERS--
produce696calories6of6energy6per6gram.6Organic6compounds6that6do6not6readily6dissol
, ve6in6water;6based6on6their6solubility,6they6are6classified6into6triglycerides6(more6com
monly6known6as6fats),6phospholipids,6and6sterols
Incomplete6protein6-6ANSWERS--
proteins6that6are6lacking6one6or6more6of6the6essential6amino6acids
Glycogen6-6ANSWERS--
the6polysaccharide6form6in6which6glucose6is6stored6in6the6liver
Glucose6-6ANSWERS--
simple6sugar.6The6only6source6of6energy6that6brain6cells6use6to6function
Triglycerides6(Fats)6-6ANSWERS--
Solid6at6room6temperature.6Group6of6chemical6compounds6that6contain6fatty6acids,6oft
en6in6very6long6strands.6Most6concentrated6source6of6energy6in6the6diet.6Provides6mu
ch6of6the6stored6energy6of6the6body.6Insulate6body6organs6against6changes6in6environ
mental6temperature.6Protect6the6organs6and6underlying6tissues6by6acting6as6a6shock6
absorber.
Water6-6ANSWERS--
essential6component6of6body6structure.6Second6only6to6oxygen6in6importance6to6body
6functioning.6Acts6as6a6solvent6for6minerals6and6other6physiologically6important6comp
ounds.6In6the6body,6it6transports6nutrients6to6and6waste6products6from6the6cells6and6h
elps6regulate6body6temperature.6Comes6from6fluids6and6solids6in6the6diet6and6also6is6
produced6by6the6metabolic6processing6of6energy6nutrients6within6the6tissues
Oils6-6ANSWERS--liquid6at6room6temperature.
Vitamins6-6ANSWERS--
organic6compounds6required6by6every6part6of6the6body6to6maintain6health6and6preven
t6disease.6Classified6as6either6fat-soluble6or6water-
soluble.6Do6not6become6part6of6the6body.6Only6small6amounts6are6needed,6but6must6
be6provided6by6the6diet6because6the6body6is6not6able6to6synthesize6them6in6the6requir
ed6quantities6for6proper6nourishment6and6body6function.6Foster6growth,6promote6the6
ability6to6produce6healthy6offspring,6maintain6health,6aid6in6the6normal6function6of6the6
digestive6tract6and6appetite,6and6help6maintain6immune6system6functions.
Fat-soluble6vitamins6-6ANSWERS--
found6in6the6fatty6parts6of6food6and6body6tissues.6Stored6in6the6body6until6needed,6so6i
t6is6not6necessary6to6consume6them6every6day.6Transported6by6lipids6through6the6bod
y;6A,6D,6E,6and6K
Vitamin6A6-6ANSWERS--
important6in6promoting6growth6and6health6of6body6tissues6as6well6as6enhancing6the6fu
nction6of6the6immune6system.6Enhances6vision6by6helping6the6retina6function6properly
,6permitting6us6to6distinguish6between6light6and6shade6and6to6see6various6colors6distin
ctly.6A6form6of6this6is6used6by6dermatologists6to6treat6acne6and6other6skin6disorders.6
Overdoses6may6result6in6yellowish,6dry,6scaly6skin6and6dry,6irritated6eyes
WELLNESS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Nutrition6-6ANSWERS--
provides6the6body6with6the6nutrients6it6needs6to6perform6its6daily6tasks
Undernutrition6-6ANSWERS--implies6that6the6individual6is6not6getting6enough6
nutrients.6This6can6occur6even6if6the6person6is6consuming6more6than6enough6calories
Malnutrition6-6ANSWERS--an6imbalance6of6proper6nutrients
Anorexia6nervosa6-6ANSWERS--
literally6means6loss6of6appetite,6but6this6is6a6misnomer:6A6person6with6this6is6hungry,6
but6denies6the6hunger6because6of6an6irrational6fear6of6becoming6fat.6Self-
starvation,6food6preoccupation6and6rituals,6compulsive6exercising,6and6often6an6abse
nce6of6menstrual6cycles6in6women.6
Untreated,6can6be6fatal.
Bulimia6-6ANSWERS--
characterized6by6recurring6periods6of6binge6eating,6during6which6large6amounts6of6foo
d6are6consumed6in6a6short6period6of6time6followed6by6purging6(through6self-
induced6vomiting,6abuse6of6laxatives6and/or6diuretics)6or6periods6of6fasting
Binge6eating6disorder6(BED)6-6ANSWERS--
episodes6of6binge6eating6characterized6by6eating6rapidly,6eating6large6amounts6of6foo
d6even6when6not6feeling6hungry,6and6feeling6guilty6or6depressed6after6overeating.
Obesity6-6ANSWERS--
156to6206percent6above6normal6weight.6Poor6dietary6patterns;6include6increased6intak
e6of6sugars6in6sweetened6soft6drinks,6foods,6and6meals6of6high6energy,6low6nutrient6d
ensity,6and6large6portion6sizes.6At6risk6for6serious6health6problems6such6as6type626dia
betes,6hypertension,6heart6disease,6stroke,6and6some6types6of6cancer.
Minerals6-6ANSWERS--
inorganic6material.6Form6body6parts6(teeth6and6bones),6maintain6acid-
base6neutrality,6regulate6nerve6impulses,6osmotic6pressure,6and6electrolyte6balance
Major6minerals6-6ANSWERS--needed6by6the6body:
•6calcium—milk,6cheese,6sardines,6salmon,6green6vegetables
•6phosphorus—milk,6cheese,6lean6meat
•6potassium—oranges,6bananas,6dried6fruits
•6sulfur—eggs,6poultry,6fish
•6sodium—table6salt,6beef,6eggs,6cheese
•6chloride—table6salt,6meat
,•6magnesium—green6vegetables,6whole6grains
Trace6minerals6-6ANSWERS--
required6in6lesser6amounts,6and6include6iron,6zinc,6selenium,6magnesium,6copper,6iod
ine,6fluorine,6chromium,6molybdenum,6and6manganese
HDL6cholesterol6(high6density6lipoproteins)6-6ANSWERS--
protect6the6body6against6heart6disease.6Often6called6"good"6cholesterol.
LDL6cholesterol6(low6density6lipoproteins)6-6ANSWERS--
most6cholesterol6in6the6blood6is6of6this6type.6Often6referred6to6as6the6bad6cholesterol.6
high6levels6in6the6blood6increases6the6risk6of6fatty6deposits6forming6in6the6arteries,6whi
ch6in6turn6increases6the6risk6of6a6heart6attack
Lipoproteins6-6ANSWERS--
large6molecules6of6fat6and6protein6in6the6bloodstream;6how6cholesterol6is6transported
Antioxidants6-6ANSWERS--
slow6the6aging6process.6Reduce6cellular6damage6by6binding6with6free6radicals6produc
ed6during6oxidation6reactions
Oxidation6reactions6-6ANSWERS--the6energy-
yielding6reactions6in6which6either6an6oxygen6atom6adds6an6electron6to6or6a6hydrogen6
atom6removes6an6electron6from6a6substrate6(a6group6of6atoms6or6molecule)—
the6net6result6is6a6substrate6that6has6had6a6partial6or6complete6loss6of6a6negatively6ch
arge6particle,6an6electron.6Two6partially6charged6atoms6or6groups6of6atoms,6one6positi
vely6charged6and6the6other6negatively6charged,6now6exist
Free6radical6(Oxidant)6-6ANSWERS--
any6atom6or6group6of6atoms6that6has6an6unpaired6electron.6Because6electrons6typicall
y6function6in6pairs,6these6are6very6prone6to6binding6to6other6substrates6in6an6effort6to6r
egain6this6paired6status.6When6this6happens6in6the6human6body,6there6is6potential6for6
a6great6deal6of6damage.
Carbohydrates6-6ANSWERS--
produce646calories6of6energy6per6gram.6Found6in6foods6as6monosaccharides,6disacch
arides,6and6polysaccharides.6Sources6include6fruits,6vegetables,6pasta,6and6rice6whic
h6consist6of6simple6sugars6and6starches
Protein6-6ANSWERS--
produce646calories6of6energy6per6gram.6Sources6include6meats6and6milk.6Composed6
of686essential(provided6by6the6diet)6and6126nonessential(synthesized6by6the6body)6a
mino6acids.6Perform6many6functions6including6building6cells6and6tissues,6forming6bloo
d6and6enzymes,6and6fighting6infection.
means6primary,6and6no6organism6can6live,6and6almost6no6biological6process6can6take
6place,6without6it
Lipids6-6ANSWERS--
produce696calories6of6energy6per6gram.6Organic6compounds6that6do6not6readily6dissol
, ve6in6water;6based6on6their6solubility,6they6are6classified6into6triglycerides6(more6com
monly6known6as6fats),6phospholipids,6and6sterols
Incomplete6protein6-6ANSWERS--
proteins6that6are6lacking6one6or6more6of6the6essential6amino6acids
Glycogen6-6ANSWERS--
the6polysaccharide6form6in6which6glucose6is6stored6in6the6liver
Glucose6-6ANSWERS--
simple6sugar.6The6only6source6of6energy6that6brain6cells6use6to6function
Triglycerides6(Fats)6-6ANSWERS--
Solid6at6room6temperature.6Group6of6chemical6compounds6that6contain6fatty6acids,6oft
en6in6very6long6strands.6Most6concentrated6source6of6energy6in6the6diet.6Provides6mu
ch6of6the6stored6energy6of6the6body.6Insulate6body6organs6against6changes6in6environ
mental6temperature.6Protect6the6organs6and6underlying6tissues6by6acting6as6a6shock6
absorber.
Water6-6ANSWERS--
essential6component6of6body6structure.6Second6only6to6oxygen6in6importance6to6body
6functioning.6Acts6as6a6solvent6for6minerals6and6other6physiologically6important6comp
ounds.6In6the6body,6it6transports6nutrients6to6and6waste6products6from6the6cells6and6h
elps6regulate6body6temperature.6Comes6from6fluids6and6solids6in6the6diet6and6also6is6
produced6by6the6metabolic6processing6of6energy6nutrients6within6the6tissues
Oils6-6ANSWERS--liquid6at6room6temperature.
Vitamins6-6ANSWERS--
organic6compounds6required6by6every6part6of6the6body6to6maintain6health6and6preven
t6disease.6Classified6as6either6fat-soluble6or6water-
soluble.6Do6not6become6part6of6the6body.6Only6small6amounts6are6needed,6but6must6
be6provided6by6the6diet6because6the6body6is6not6able6to6synthesize6them6in6the6requir
ed6quantities6for6proper6nourishment6and6body6function.6Foster6growth,6promote6the6
ability6to6produce6healthy6offspring,6maintain6health,6aid6in6the6normal6function6of6the6
digestive6tract6and6appetite,6and6help6maintain6immune6system6functions.
Fat-soluble6vitamins6-6ANSWERS--
found6in6the6fatty6parts6of6food6and6body6tissues.6Stored6in6the6body6until6needed,6so6i
t6is6not6necessary6to6consume6them6every6day.6Transported6by6lipids6through6the6bod
y;6A,6D,6E,6and6K
Vitamin6A6-6ANSWERS--
important6in6promoting6growth6and6health6of6body6tissues6as6well6as6enhancing6the6fu
nction6of6the6immune6system.6Enhances6vision6by6helping6the6retina6function6properly
,6permitting6us6to6distinguish6between6light6and6shade6and6to6see6various6colors6distin
ctly.6A6form6of6this6is6used6by6dermatologists6to6treat6acne6and6other6skin6disorders.6
Overdoses6may6result6in6yellowish,6dry,6scaly6skin6and6dry,6irritated6eyes
