NU 551 Unit I Exam| Endocrinology and GI Disorders Review| All 60 Questions With Complete Solutions| Reviewed and Updated 2026/2027

Stressed about the upcoming Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Disorders exam? Look no further. This comprehensive digital review guide distills the complex, high-yield concepts from Unit 1 into a clear, concise, and easy-to-memorize format. Designed specifically for nursing and health science students, this PDF is your secret weapon for mastering the foundations of cellular function and pathophysiology. We’ve broken down the most critical topics from your syllabus so you can study smarter, not harder NU 551 Unit I Exam| Endocrinology and GI Disorders Review| All 60 Questions With Complete Solutions| Reviewed and Updated 2026/2027 1. Cellular function: excretion: lysosomes (membrane sacs) contain enzymes that break down/digest molecules/nutrients - results in waste products - excretion from the cell Example: all cells 2. Cellular function: respiration (also called oxidation): cells absorb oxygen - nutrients are transformed into energy (atp) This process is located in the mitochondria 3. Cellular function: reproduction: tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce even without growth, tissue maintenance requires new cells 4. Cellular function: communication: vital for survival of cells 5. Nucleus: contains genes and dna that instruct proteins - cell survival 6. Difference between dna and rna: dna: double stranded rna: single stranded 7. 3 types of rna and their function: messenger rna (mrna): made from genetic information transcribed from dna - travels to ribosomes in the cytoplasm - making of proteins Ribosomal rna (rrna): site of protein production transfer rna (trna): transports amino acids to synthesize proteins 8. Cytoplasm/cytosol: half of the volume of the eukaryotic cell storage of fats, carbs, and secretory vesicles 9. Eukaryotic organelle: ribosomes: rna protein complexes synthesized in the nucleolus Sites for cellular protein synthesis 10. Eukaryotic organelle: endoplasmic reticulum (er): tubular channels (cisternae) that ex- tend to the outer nuclear membrane Synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins and lipids 11. Eukaryotic organelle: Golgi complex: network of smooth membranes -process and package proteins -secretory vesicles to transfer proteins to internal and external cellular locations -proteins bind to the cytoskeleton to generate tension and keep cellular shape intact 12. Eukaryotic organelle: lysosomes: sac like structures that have enzymes for digestion *cellular injury - enzyme release - cellular self-destruction 13. Eukaryotic organelle: peroxisomes: contain oxidative enzymes (catalase, urate, oxidase) - hydro- gen peroxide reaction - detoxifying of waste products in the body *breaks down substances into harmless products 14. Eukaryotic organelle: mitochondria: *powerhouse of the cell metabolization of cellular energy Generation of atp: electron transport chain (etc) is in the inner membrane of the mitochondria plays a role in: osmotic regulation, ph control, calcium homeostasis, cell signaling 15. Eukaryotic organelle: cytoskeleton: "bones and muscles of the cell" Network of protein filaments Forms cell extensions like microvilli, cilia & flagella Strengthens support of epithelium as intermediate filaments bridge the cytoplasm from one cell junction to another 16. What two structures make up the plasma membrane: phospholipids and glycolipids Has a solid-gel phase when body is normal temp-viscosity of olive oil 17. The plasma membrane is impermeable to what ? How?: all solid lipids Aligned with hydrophilic heads that face outward and hydrophobic tail that goes inward 18. Function of the plasma membrane: cell to cell recognition cellular mobility Cellular shape molecule movement 19. What performs the tasks of the plasma membrane? What are the tasks/functions: **proteins receptors Transport channels/carriers Enzymes surface markers cell adhesion molecules (cams) catalysts 20. Plasma membrane protein regulation function (proteostasis) How is this regulated: main role is to minimize protein misfolding and aggregation as this leads to human disease Ribosomes (markers) chaperones (helpers) Proteolytic systems (breakdown systems): lysosomes & ups 21. Functions of carbohydrates within the plasma membrane: protection (glycocalyx) lubrication Recognition adhesion 22. What structure within the plasma membrane serves as receptors: ligands- they Protrude from the cellular membrane 23. Prokaryotes: no organelles (such as a nucleus) or histones (proteins that bind with dna) the nuclei of these cells carry genetic info in single circular chromosome -lack a nuclear membrane