GENETICS PRACTICE FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
UPDATED 2026
1)BYouBwantBtoBdesignBaBdrugBthatBpreventsBtranscriptionBofBeukaryoticBmRNAsBbutBdoesBn
otBaffectBtranscriptionBofBotherBRNAs.BWhatBenzymeBwouldByouBtarget?B
A)BRNABpolymeraseBIIBB)BribozymeBC)BmethylBtransferaseBD)BRNABpolymeraseBIIIBE)BRNABpol
ymeraseBIB-BAnswerA
2)BWhichBofBtheBfollowingBcellsBcouldBbeBcreatedBfromBaBmitoticBdivisionBbutBwouldBnotBbe
BcreatedBduringBaBnormalBmeiosis?
A)BCellBGB
B)BCellBHB
C)BCellBKB
D)BCellBM
E)BCellBPB-BAnswerC
3)BCellsBwhoseBnormalBfunctionBinvolvesBpreventingBcellBdivisionBareBgenerallyBcharacterizedB
asB________.B
A)BtranscriptionBfactorsB
B)BoncogenesB
C)BapoptoticBgenesB
D)BpseudogenesB
E)BtumorBsuppressorBgenesB-BAnswerE
4)BYouBareBstudyingBABOBbloodBgroups,BandBknowBthatB6.25%BofBtheBpopulationBhasBgenoty
peBIAIABandB42.25%BofBtheBpopulationBhasBTypeBOBblood.BWhatBisBtheBexpectedBfrequencyB
ofBbloodBtypeBB?BA)B6.5%BB)B14%BC)B1%BD)B13%BE)B51.5%B-BAnswerB
5)BWhichBofBtheBfollowingBisBnotBinvolvedBinBcontrolBofBgeneBexpressionBinBeukaryotes?BA)B
exportBofBRNABfromBtheBnucleusBB)BchangeBtoBDNABsequenceBC)BdestructionBofBmRNABD)Bt
ranscriptionalBrepressionBE)BuseBofBalternativeBpromotersB-BAnswerB
6)BApplyingBtheBexclusionBprincipleBtoBpaternityBtestingBallowsBinvestigatorsBtoB________.BA)B
excludeBallBfatherBwithBatBleastBoneBalleleBthatBmatchesBtheBchild'sBnon-
,maternalBalleleBB)BincludeBallBfatherBwithBatBleastBoneBalleleBthatBmatchesBtheBchild'sBnon-
maternalBalleleBC)BincludeBanyBfatherBwithBatBleastBoneBalleleBthatBmatchesBbothBofBtheBchi
ld'sBallelesBD)BexcludeBanyBfatherBwithBatBleastBoneBalleleBthatBdoesBnotBmatchBtheBchild'sB
non-
maternalBalleleBE)BincludeBanyBfatherBwithBatBleastBoneBgeneBthatBmatchesBbothBofBtheBchil
d'sBallelesB-BAnswerD
7)BWhenBF+BconjugationBoccursBsuccessfully,BonlyBoneBcopyBofBtheBFBplasmidBsingle-
strandedBDNABisBtransferred.BWhatBelseBmustBminimallyBoccur?B7)B_____BA)BrollingBcircleBre
plicationBinBtheBrecipientBcellBB)BstoppingBtheBrollingBcircleBreplicationBafterBoneBcopyBlength
,Bcircularization,BandBreplicationBC)BcontinuationBofBrollingBcircleBreplicationBinBtheBdonorBcell
BandBreplicationBinBtheBrecipientBcellBD)BcircularizationBofBtheBrecipient'sBnewBDNABE)Bcircul
arizationBplusBreplicationBofBtheBnewBrecipientBDNAB-BAnswerB
8)BInBrabbits,BlongBhairBandBblackBfurBareBproducedBbyBtheBdominantBallelesBLBandBB,Bwhic
hBassortBindependently.BTheBgenotypeBllBproducesBshortBhairBandBtheBgenotypeBbbBproduces
BwhiteBfur.BABcrossBbetweenBaBmaleBwithBshort,BblackBfurBandBaBfemaleBwithBlong,BwhiteBf
urBproducesBfourBoffspringBwithBshort,BblackBfur,BfourBoffspringBwithBlong,BwhiteBfur,BfourBof
fspringBwithBshort,BwhiteBfur,BandBfourBoffspringBwithBlong,BblackBfur.BWhatBareBtheBgenotyp
esBofBtheBparents?B8)B_____BA)BllBbB×BLlbbBB)BllBBB×BLLbbBC)BLLBBB×BllbbBD)BLlBbB×BLlBbB
E)BImpossibleBtoBdetermineBfromBtheBinformationBgiven.B-BAnswerA
9)BWhichBofBtheBfollowingBareBclassifiedBasBpyrimidines?B9)B_____BA)BadenineBandBthymineB
B)BthymineBandBcytosineBC)BadenineBandBguanineBD)BguanineBandBcytosineBE)BadenineBandB
uracilB-BAnswerB
10)BBenignBcellBmassesBareBknownBasB________.B10)B____BA)BneoplasiaBB)BdysplasiaBC)Bmali
gnantBtumorsBD)BapoptosisBE)BmetastaticBcellsB-BAnswerB
11)BGivenBtheBfollowingBpedigree,BwhatBisBtheBcoefficientBofBinbreedingBforBindividualBG?BUs
eBKeyBAnalyticBToolBpedigreeBinBChapterB20,BpageB402BfromBSGSMB11)B____BA)B1/16BB)B1/
4BC)B1/8BD)B1/64BE)B1/32B-BAnswerA
12)BAllBofBtheBfollowingBareBexpectedBtoBincreaseBgeneticBdiversityBinBaBpopulationBexcept?1
2)B____BA)BsmallBpopulationBsizeBB)BlowBselectiveBpressureBC)BimmigrationBD)BlargeBpopulati
onBsizeBE)BrandomBmatingB-BAnswerA
13)BDrosophilaBmutationsBsuchBasBbcd,BifBhomozygousBinBtheBmother,BproduceBoffspringBwit
hBlethalBdefects,BnoBmatterBwhatBtheBgenotypeBofBtheBoffspring.BForBsomeBotherBgenes,Bthe
BmutantBphenotypeBcanBbeB"rescued"BbyBintroducingBaBwild-
typeBalleleBintoBtheBembryo.BWhatBisBtheBreasonBforBtheseBdifferentBoutcomes?B13)B____BA)
, BbcdBisBaBmaternalBeffectBmutation.BB)BRescuableBmutationsBactBasBdominants.BC)BbcdBisBaB
HoxBgene.BD)BNon-
rescuableBmutationsBareBofBpaternalBorigin.BE)BRescueBrequiresBrecombinationBbetweenBtheB
maternalBandBintroducedBalleles.B-BAnswerA
14)BInflammationBcanBaideBtumorBgrowthBbyBpromotingBwhichBofBtheBfollowing?B14)B____BA
)BgenomeBstabilityBB)BmutagenesisBC)BalteredBmetabolismBD)BangiogenesisBE)BdrugBresistance
B-BAnswerD
15)BCancerBtherapyBincludesBwhichBofBtheBfollowing?B15)B____BA)BdrugsBtargetingBspecificBe
nzymes/proteinsBB)BdrugBtreatmentsBtargetingBdividingBcellsBC)BradiationBtargetingBcancerousB
cellsBD)BmodifiedBimmuneBcellsBE)BAllBofBtheseBareBpossibleBtreatmentBstrategies.B-BAnswerE
16)BInBwhichBofBtheBfollowingBcontinentsBwouldByouBexpectBtheBhumanBpopulationBtoBhaveB
theBfewestBallelesBderivedBfromBDenisovans?B16)B____BA)BSouthBAmericaBB)BNorthBAmericaB
C)BEuropeBD)BAfricanBE)BAsiaB-BAnswerD
17)BBrachydactylyBtypeBDBisBhumanBautosomalBdominantBconditionBinBwhichBtheBthumbsBare
BabnormallyBshortBandBbroad.BInBmostBcases,BbothBthumbsBareBaffected,BbutBoccasionallyBju
stBoneBthumbBisBinvolved.BTheBpedigreeBaboveBshowsBaBfamilyBinBwhichBbrachydactlylyBtype
BDBisBsegregating.BFilledBcirclesBandBsquaresBrepresentBfemalesBandBmalesBwhoBhaveBinvolve
mentBofBbothBthumbs.BHalf-
filledBinBsymbolsBrepresentBfamilyBmembersBwithBjustBoneBthumbBaffected?BThereBisBevidenc
eBofBvariableBexpressivityBandBincompleteBpenetranceBinBthisBfamily.BWhichBindividualBisBmos
tBlikelyBnonpenetrantBforBtheBtrait?B17)B____BA)BII-4BB)BIV-5BC)BIV-1BD)BIII-11BE)BIII-10B-
BAnswerE
18)BABpure-
breedingBtreeBthatBproducesBfruitBwithB12Bseeds,BtheBsmallestBnumberBofBseedsBpossible,Bis
BmatedBwithBaBpurebreedingBtreeBthatBproducesBfruitBwithB36Bseeds,BtheBlargestBnumberBof
BseedsBpossible.BThisBpolygenicBtraitBisBcontrolledBbyBtwoBalleles,BwhichBbothBcontributeBtoB
theBphenotype,BpresentBatBmultipleBloci.BWhenBtwoBF1BindividualsBareBmated,B7Bphenotypes
Bresult.BWhichBofBtheBfollowingBstatementsBisBFALSE?B18)B____BA)BTheBF1BoffspringBallBhave
B24Bseeds.BB)BThereBareB3BgenesBthatBcontrolBthisBpolygenicBtrait.BC)BOneBofBtheBadditiveBa
llelesBcontributesB2BseedsBtoBtheBseedBcontentBofBtheBfruit.BD)BOneBofBtheBF2BphenotypicBc
lassesBhasB18Bseeds.BE)BOneBofBtheBadditiveBallelesBcontributesB6BseedsBtoBtheBseedBconten
tBofBtheBfruitB-BAnswerD
19)BManyBtypesBofBcancerBareBknownBtoBoverexpressBtheBreceptorBproteinBtyrosineBkinase.B
WhichBmolecularBtechniqueBcanBbeBusedBtoBreduceBexpressionBofBtyrosineBkinaseBinBcellBcul
ture?B19)B____BA)BPCRBB)BwesternBblottingBC)BDNAseBsensitivityBassayBD)BRNAiBE)Bsouthern
BblottingB-BAnswerD
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
UPDATED 2026
1)BYouBwantBtoBdesignBaBdrugBthatBpreventsBtranscriptionBofBeukaryoticBmRNAsBbutBdoesBn
otBaffectBtranscriptionBofBotherBRNAs.BWhatBenzymeBwouldByouBtarget?B
A)BRNABpolymeraseBIIBB)BribozymeBC)BmethylBtransferaseBD)BRNABpolymeraseBIIIBE)BRNABpol
ymeraseBIB-BAnswerA
2)BWhichBofBtheBfollowingBcellsBcouldBbeBcreatedBfromBaBmitoticBdivisionBbutBwouldBnotBbe
BcreatedBduringBaBnormalBmeiosis?
A)BCellBGB
B)BCellBHB
C)BCellBKB
D)BCellBM
E)BCellBPB-BAnswerC
3)BCellsBwhoseBnormalBfunctionBinvolvesBpreventingBcellBdivisionBareBgenerallyBcharacterizedB
asB________.B
A)BtranscriptionBfactorsB
B)BoncogenesB
C)BapoptoticBgenesB
D)BpseudogenesB
E)BtumorBsuppressorBgenesB-BAnswerE
4)BYouBareBstudyingBABOBbloodBgroups,BandBknowBthatB6.25%BofBtheBpopulationBhasBgenoty
peBIAIABandB42.25%BofBtheBpopulationBhasBTypeBOBblood.BWhatBisBtheBexpectedBfrequencyB
ofBbloodBtypeBB?BA)B6.5%BB)B14%BC)B1%BD)B13%BE)B51.5%B-BAnswerB
5)BWhichBofBtheBfollowingBisBnotBinvolvedBinBcontrolBofBgeneBexpressionBinBeukaryotes?BA)B
exportBofBRNABfromBtheBnucleusBB)BchangeBtoBDNABsequenceBC)BdestructionBofBmRNABD)Bt
ranscriptionalBrepressionBE)BuseBofBalternativeBpromotersB-BAnswerB
6)BApplyingBtheBexclusionBprincipleBtoBpaternityBtestingBallowsBinvestigatorsBtoB________.BA)B
excludeBallBfatherBwithBatBleastBoneBalleleBthatBmatchesBtheBchild'sBnon-
,maternalBalleleBB)BincludeBallBfatherBwithBatBleastBoneBalleleBthatBmatchesBtheBchild'sBnon-
maternalBalleleBC)BincludeBanyBfatherBwithBatBleastBoneBalleleBthatBmatchesBbothBofBtheBchi
ld'sBallelesBD)BexcludeBanyBfatherBwithBatBleastBoneBalleleBthatBdoesBnotBmatchBtheBchild'sB
non-
maternalBalleleBE)BincludeBanyBfatherBwithBatBleastBoneBgeneBthatBmatchesBbothBofBtheBchil
d'sBallelesB-BAnswerD
7)BWhenBF+BconjugationBoccursBsuccessfully,BonlyBoneBcopyBofBtheBFBplasmidBsingle-
strandedBDNABisBtransferred.BWhatBelseBmustBminimallyBoccur?B7)B_____BA)BrollingBcircleBre
plicationBinBtheBrecipientBcellBB)BstoppingBtheBrollingBcircleBreplicationBafterBoneBcopyBlength
,Bcircularization,BandBreplicationBC)BcontinuationBofBrollingBcircleBreplicationBinBtheBdonorBcell
BandBreplicationBinBtheBrecipientBcellBD)BcircularizationBofBtheBrecipient'sBnewBDNABE)Bcircul
arizationBplusBreplicationBofBtheBnewBrecipientBDNAB-BAnswerB
8)BInBrabbits,BlongBhairBandBblackBfurBareBproducedBbyBtheBdominantBallelesBLBandBB,Bwhic
hBassortBindependently.BTheBgenotypeBllBproducesBshortBhairBandBtheBgenotypeBbbBproduces
BwhiteBfur.BABcrossBbetweenBaBmaleBwithBshort,BblackBfurBandBaBfemaleBwithBlong,BwhiteBf
urBproducesBfourBoffspringBwithBshort,BblackBfur,BfourBoffspringBwithBlong,BwhiteBfur,BfourBof
fspringBwithBshort,BwhiteBfur,BandBfourBoffspringBwithBlong,BblackBfur.BWhatBareBtheBgenotyp
esBofBtheBparents?B8)B_____BA)BllBbB×BLlbbBB)BllBBB×BLLbbBC)BLLBBB×BllbbBD)BLlBbB×BLlBbB
E)BImpossibleBtoBdetermineBfromBtheBinformationBgiven.B-BAnswerA
9)BWhichBofBtheBfollowingBareBclassifiedBasBpyrimidines?B9)B_____BA)BadenineBandBthymineB
B)BthymineBandBcytosineBC)BadenineBandBguanineBD)BguanineBandBcytosineBE)BadenineBandB
uracilB-BAnswerB
10)BBenignBcellBmassesBareBknownBasB________.B10)B____BA)BneoplasiaBB)BdysplasiaBC)Bmali
gnantBtumorsBD)BapoptosisBE)BmetastaticBcellsB-BAnswerB
11)BGivenBtheBfollowingBpedigree,BwhatBisBtheBcoefficientBofBinbreedingBforBindividualBG?BUs
eBKeyBAnalyticBToolBpedigreeBinBChapterB20,BpageB402BfromBSGSMB11)B____BA)B1/16BB)B1/
4BC)B1/8BD)B1/64BE)B1/32B-BAnswerA
12)BAllBofBtheBfollowingBareBexpectedBtoBincreaseBgeneticBdiversityBinBaBpopulationBexcept?1
2)B____BA)BsmallBpopulationBsizeBB)BlowBselectiveBpressureBC)BimmigrationBD)BlargeBpopulati
onBsizeBE)BrandomBmatingB-BAnswerA
13)BDrosophilaBmutationsBsuchBasBbcd,BifBhomozygousBinBtheBmother,BproduceBoffspringBwit
hBlethalBdefects,BnoBmatterBwhatBtheBgenotypeBofBtheBoffspring.BForBsomeBotherBgenes,Bthe
BmutantBphenotypeBcanBbeB"rescued"BbyBintroducingBaBwild-
typeBalleleBintoBtheBembryo.BWhatBisBtheBreasonBforBtheseBdifferentBoutcomes?B13)B____BA)
, BbcdBisBaBmaternalBeffectBmutation.BB)BRescuableBmutationsBactBasBdominants.BC)BbcdBisBaB
HoxBgene.BD)BNon-
rescuableBmutationsBareBofBpaternalBorigin.BE)BRescueBrequiresBrecombinationBbetweenBtheB
maternalBandBintroducedBalleles.B-BAnswerA
14)BInflammationBcanBaideBtumorBgrowthBbyBpromotingBwhichBofBtheBfollowing?B14)B____BA
)BgenomeBstabilityBB)BmutagenesisBC)BalteredBmetabolismBD)BangiogenesisBE)BdrugBresistance
B-BAnswerD
15)BCancerBtherapyBincludesBwhichBofBtheBfollowing?B15)B____BA)BdrugsBtargetingBspecificBe
nzymes/proteinsBB)BdrugBtreatmentsBtargetingBdividingBcellsBC)BradiationBtargetingBcancerousB
cellsBD)BmodifiedBimmuneBcellsBE)BAllBofBtheseBareBpossibleBtreatmentBstrategies.B-BAnswerE
16)BInBwhichBofBtheBfollowingBcontinentsBwouldByouBexpectBtheBhumanBpopulationBtoBhaveB
theBfewestBallelesBderivedBfromBDenisovans?B16)B____BA)BSouthBAmericaBB)BNorthBAmericaB
C)BEuropeBD)BAfricanBE)BAsiaB-BAnswerD
17)BBrachydactylyBtypeBDBisBhumanBautosomalBdominantBconditionBinBwhichBtheBthumbsBare
BabnormallyBshortBandBbroad.BInBmostBcases,BbothBthumbsBareBaffected,BbutBoccasionallyBju
stBoneBthumbBisBinvolved.BTheBpedigreeBaboveBshowsBaBfamilyBinBwhichBbrachydactlylyBtype
BDBisBsegregating.BFilledBcirclesBandBsquaresBrepresentBfemalesBandBmalesBwhoBhaveBinvolve
mentBofBbothBthumbs.BHalf-
filledBinBsymbolsBrepresentBfamilyBmembersBwithBjustBoneBthumbBaffected?BThereBisBevidenc
eBofBvariableBexpressivityBandBincompleteBpenetranceBinBthisBfamily.BWhichBindividualBisBmos
tBlikelyBnonpenetrantBforBtheBtrait?B17)B____BA)BII-4BB)BIV-5BC)BIV-1BD)BIII-11BE)BIII-10B-
BAnswerE
18)BABpure-
breedingBtreeBthatBproducesBfruitBwithB12Bseeds,BtheBsmallestBnumberBofBseedsBpossible,Bis
BmatedBwithBaBpurebreedingBtreeBthatBproducesBfruitBwithB36Bseeds,BtheBlargestBnumberBof
BseedsBpossible.BThisBpolygenicBtraitBisBcontrolledBbyBtwoBalleles,BwhichBbothBcontributeBtoB
theBphenotype,BpresentBatBmultipleBloci.BWhenBtwoBF1BindividualsBareBmated,B7Bphenotypes
Bresult.BWhichBofBtheBfollowingBstatementsBisBFALSE?B18)B____BA)BTheBF1BoffspringBallBhave
B24Bseeds.BB)BThereBareB3BgenesBthatBcontrolBthisBpolygenicBtrait.BC)BOneBofBtheBadditiveBa
llelesBcontributesB2BseedsBtoBtheBseedBcontentBofBtheBfruit.BD)BOneBofBtheBF2BphenotypicBc
lassesBhasB18Bseeds.BE)BOneBofBtheBadditiveBallelesBcontributesB6BseedsBtoBtheBseedBconten
tBofBtheBfruitB-BAnswerD
19)BManyBtypesBofBcancerBareBknownBtoBoverexpressBtheBreceptorBproteinBtyrosineBkinase.B
WhichBmolecularBtechniqueBcanBbeBusedBtoBreduceBexpressionBofBtyrosineBkinaseBinBcellBcul
ture?B19)B____BA)BPCRBB)BwesternBblottingBC)BDNAseBsensitivityBassayBD)BRNAiBE)Bsouthern
BblottingB-BAnswerD
