PVL2602 MCQ PRACTICE EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ White Blood Cells (WBC). Answer: Cells involved in immune
response and infection defense
◉ Red Blood Cells (RBC). Answer: Cells responsible for oxygen
transport
◉ Hemoglobin (Hgb). Answer: Oxygen-carrying protein inside red
blood cells
◉ Hematocrit (Hct). Answer: Percentage of blood composed of red
blood cells
◉ Platelets. Answer: Cell fragments involved in clotting
◉ Neutrophils. Answer: Elevated in acute bacterial infections
◉ Lymphocytes. Answer: Elevated in viral infections and chronic
immune responses
,◉ Monocytes. Answer: Elevated in chronic intracellular infections like
tuberculosis
◉ Eosinophils. Answer: Elevated in allergies and parasitic infections
◉ Basophils. Answer: Involved in hypersensitivity reactions
◉ Monocytosis. Answer: Increased monocyte count greater than 8
percent
◉ Cause of monocytosis in TB. Answer: Interferon-gamma stimulates
bone marrow to produce more monocytes
◉ Monocytes differentiate into. Answer: Macrophages
◉ Role of macrophages in TB. Answer: Engulf Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and form granulomas
◉ Granuloma. Answer: Organized immune structure that walls off TB
bacteria
◉ TH1 cells. Answer: CD4 positive T cells that release interferon-
gamma
,◉ Primary cytokine in TB immune response. Answer: Interferon-gamma
(IFN-γ)
◉ Low hematocrit in TB. Answer: Anemia of chronic disease
◉ Anemia of chronic disease mechanism. Answer: Cytokine-mediated
suppression of erythropoiesis and iron sequestration
◉ Hepcidin. Answer: Hormone that blocks iron release from
macrophages
◉ Purpose of iron sequestration. Answer: Starves bacteria of iron
◉ RBC size in anemia of chronic disease. Answer: Normocytic
◉ Cytokines that suppress erythropoietin. Answer: IL-1, TNF-alpha, and
IFN-gamma
◉ Hypercalcemia in TB. Answer: Caused by macrophage
overproduction of active vitamin D
, ◉ 1-alpha hydroxylase. Answer: Enzyme in macrophages that converts
inactive vitamin D to active vitamin D
◉ Effect of active vitamin D. Answer: Increases intestinal calcium
absorption
◉ Hypercalcemia in TB is driven by. Answer: Activated macrophages
not parathyroid hormone
◉ Mantoux test (TST/PPD). Answer: Test that measures delayed-type
hypersensitivity to TB proteins
◉ PPD measures. Answer: Cell-mediated immune memory to TB
◉ Induration. Answer: Caused by T-cell cytokine release and
macrophage recruitment
◉ False negative PPD. Answer: Immunocompromised state,
malnutrition, or severe active TB
◉ False positive PPD. Answer: BCG vaccination or environmental
mycobacteria
◉ PPD detects. Answer: Immune memory not active infection
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ White Blood Cells (WBC). Answer: Cells involved in immune
response and infection defense
◉ Red Blood Cells (RBC). Answer: Cells responsible for oxygen
transport
◉ Hemoglobin (Hgb). Answer: Oxygen-carrying protein inside red
blood cells
◉ Hematocrit (Hct). Answer: Percentage of blood composed of red
blood cells
◉ Platelets. Answer: Cell fragments involved in clotting
◉ Neutrophils. Answer: Elevated in acute bacterial infections
◉ Lymphocytes. Answer: Elevated in viral infections and chronic
immune responses
,◉ Monocytes. Answer: Elevated in chronic intracellular infections like
tuberculosis
◉ Eosinophils. Answer: Elevated in allergies and parasitic infections
◉ Basophils. Answer: Involved in hypersensitivity reactions
◉ Monocytosis. Answer: Increased monocyte count greater than 8
percent
◉ Cause of monocytosis in TB. Answer: Interferon-gamma stimulates
bone marrow to produce more monocytes
◉ Monocytes differentiate into. Answer: Macrophages
◉ Role of macrophages in TB. Answer: Engulf Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and form granulomas
◉ Granuloma. Answer: Organized immune structure that walls off TB
bacteria
◉ TH1 cells. Answer: CD4 positive T cells that release interferon-
gamma
,◉ Primary cytokine in TB immune response. Answer: Interferon-gamma
(IFN-γ)
◉ Low hematocrit in TB. Answer: Anemia of chronic disease
◉ Anemia of chronic disease mechanism. Answer: Cytokine-mediated
suppression of erythropoiesis and iron sequestration
◉ Hepcidin. Answer: Hormone that blocks iron release from
macrophages
◉ Purpose of iron sequestration. Answer: Starves bacteria of iron
◉ RBC size in anemia of chronic disease. Answer: Normocytic
◉ Cytokines that suppress erythropoietin. Answer: IL-1, TNF-alpha, and
IFN-gamma
◉ Hypercalcemia in TB. Answer: Caused by macrophage
overproduction of active vitamin D
, ◉ 1-alpha hydroxylase. Answer: Enzyme in macrophages that converts
inactive vitamin D to active vitamin D
◉ Effect of active vitamin D. Answer: Increases intestinal calcium
absorption
◉ Hypercalcemia in TB is driven by. Answer: Activated macrophages
not parathyroid hormone
◉ Mantoux test (TST/PPD). Answer: Test that measures delayed-type
hypersensitivity to TB proteins
◉ PPD measures. Answer: Cell-mediated immune memory to TB
◉ Induration. Answer: Caused by T-cell cytokine release and
macrophage recruitment
◉ False negative PPD. Answer: Immunocompromised state,
malnutrition, or severe active TB
◉ False positive PPD. Answer: BCG vaccination or environmental
mycobacteria
◉ PPD detects. Answer: Immune memory not active infection
