1
, Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________________ 3
HYPERTENSION _____________________________________________________________ 7
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)________________________________________________ 14
PAIN ____________________________________________________________________ 17
REGISTRATION OF MEDICATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ________________________ 21
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOVIGILANCE _____________________________________ 23
ANTIBIOTICS ______________________________________________________________ 26
INTRODUCTION IN PHARMACOECONOMICS ____________________________________ 33
DRUG UTILIZATION STUDIES/ CLINICAL TRIALS/ OBERSERVATIONAL STUDIES _________ 38
GLOBAL PHARMACY PRACTICE _______________________________________________ 44
TEST EXAM - Global Health and Pharmacotherapy – 2019/2020 ____________________ 48
Answers test exam _________________________________________________________ 66
2
, INTRODUCTION
HEALTH
WHO: Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.
GLOBAL HEALTH
Global health is an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving
health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Global health emphasizes
transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within
and beyond the health sciences and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration; and is a
synthesis of population-based prevention with individual-level clinical care.
COVID-19
> Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID19 disease.
> It is a respiratory infection
> Symptoms ranging from mild common cold-like illness to severe viral pneumonia with
potentially acute respiratory distress syndrome.
> Characteristics symptoms: fever, cough, dyspnea
> Complications of severe disease: multi-organ failure, septic shock, blood clots
HOW TO DETERMINE THE RISK TO DIE FROM A COVID-19 INFECTION?
> Case fatality rate (CFR): the number of confirmed deaths divided by the number of
confirmed cases
> Crude mortality rate: dividing the number death from the disease by the total
population
> Infection fatality rate (IFR): the number of deaths from a disease divided by the total
number of cases. Estimations are around 1.04-1.3%.
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
> No drug or vaccine is currently proven to be effective in treating COVID-19.
Chloroquine
Remdesivir: inhibits RNA polymerase
POSSIBLE IMPACT LONG TERM
> Change in supply chains for pharmaceuticals and equipment
> More investments in infectious disease prevention and treatment
> Investments in preparedness to respond to emergencies
> Increase in inequities: poor and disadvantaged affected much more by the crisis and its
consequences
> Attention for the other global health problems?
3
, VACCINE HESITANCY
1.5 million death per year could be avoided.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
This is a current threat, which causes many people to die.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to another through a variety
of ways that include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or
by being bitten by an insect. The Netherlands show more non-communicable diseases.
HAQ INDEX PERFORMANCE
Indicates the accessibility of health access.
SDG: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
No poverty, no hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality,
clean water, clean energy, decent work an economic growth, industry innovation, reduced
inequalities, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace, justice, partnerships for the
goals.
TARGETS FOR SDG 3 TO BE ACHIEVED BY 2030
> global maternal mortality
> preventable deaths of newborns and children (<5 years)
> AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, hepatitis, water-borne diseases
and other communicable diseases.
> premature mortality from non-communicable diseases and mental health
> substance abuse (narcotics, alcohol etc)
> road traffic accidents.
> access to sexual and reproductive health-care services
> universal health coverage
> deaths/illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and
contamination.
> tobacco Control
> research/development of vaccines and medicines for diseases of developing countries
and access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines
> health financing and health workforce in developing countries
> early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks.
SUMMARY
> Global health strives improving health worldwide emphasizing transnational health
issues.
> Communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases remain a challenge.
4
, Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________________ 3
HYPERTENSION _____________________________________________________________ 7
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)________________________________________________ 14
PAIN ____________________________________________________________________ 17
REGISTRATION OF MEDICATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ________________________ 21
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOVIGILANCE _____________________________________ 23
ANTIBIOTICS ______________________________________________________________ 26
INTRODUCTION IN PHARMACOECONOMICS ____________________________________ 33
DRUG UTILIZATION STUDIES/ CLINICAL TRIALS/ OBERSERVATIONAL STUDIES _________ 38
GLOBAL PHARMACY PRACTICE _______________________________________________ 44
TEST EXAM - Global Health and Pharmacotherapy – 2019/2020 ____________________ 48
Answers test exam _________________________________________________________ 66
2
, INTRODUCTION
HEALTH
WHO: Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.
GLOBAL HEALTH
Global health is an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving
health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Global health emphasizes
transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within
and beyond the health sciences and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration; and is a
synthesis of population-based prevention with individual-level clinical care.
COVID-19
> Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID19 disease.
> It is a respiratory infection
> Symptoms ranging from mild common cold-like illness to severe viral pneumonia with
potentially acute respiratory distress syndrome.
> Characteristics symptoms: fever, cough, dyspnea
> Complications of severe disease: multi-organ failure, septic shock, blood clots
HOW TO DETERMINE THE RISK TO DIE FROM A COVID-19 INFECTION?
> Case fatality rate (CFR): the number of confirmed deaths divided by the number of
confirmed cases
> Crude mortality rate: dividing the number death from the disease by the total
population
> Infection fatality rate (IFR): the number of deaths from a disease divided by the total
number of cases. Estimations are around 1.04-1.3%.
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
> No drug or vaccine is currently proven to be effective in treating COVID-19.
Chloroquine
Remdesivir: inhibits RNA polymerase
POSSIBLE IMPACT LONG TERM
> Change in supply chains for pharmaceuticals and equipment
> More investments in infectious disease prevention and treatment
> Investments in preparedness to respond to emergencies
> Increase in inequities: poor and disadvantaged affected much more by the crisis and its
consequences
> Attention for the other global health problems?
3
, VACCINE HESITANCY
1.5 million death per year could be avoided.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
This is a current threat, which causes many people to die.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to another through a variety
of ways that include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or
by being bitten by an insect. The Netherlands show more non-communicable diseases.
HAQ INDEX PERFORMANCE
Indicates the accessibility of health access.
SDG: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
No poverty, no hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality,
clean water, clean energy, decent work an economic growth, industry innovation, reduced
inequalities, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace, justice, partnerships for the
goals.
TARGETS FOR SDG 3 TO BE ACHIEVED BY 2030
> global maternal mortality
> preventable deaths of newborns and children (<5 years)
> AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, hepatitis, water-borne diseases
and other communicable diseases.
> premature mortality from non-communicable diseases and mental health
> substance abuse (narcotics, alcohol etc)
> road traffic accidents.
> access to sexual and reproductive health-care services
> universal health coverage
> deaths/illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and
contamination.
> tobacco Control
> research/development of vaccines and medicines for diseases of developing countries
and access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines
> health financing and health workforce in developing countries
> early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks.
SUMMARY
> Global health strives improving health worldwide emphasizing transnational health
issues.
> Communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases remain a challenge.
4
