PORTAGE LEARNING – BIOD 151 COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
GRADED A+
GUARANTEED PASS ON THE FIRST ATTEMPT
1. The functional unit of the kidney is the:
A. Nephron
B. Glomerulus
C. Bowman’s capsule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: A. Nephron
Rationale: The nephron is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney
responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
2. Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of blood through the
heart?
A. Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle
→ Aorta
B. Left atrium → Left ventricle → Lungs → Right atrium → Right ventricle
→ Aorta
C. Right ventricle → Right atrium → Lungs → Left ventricle → Left atrium
→ Aorta
D. Left ventricle → Left atrium → Lungs → Right ventricle → Right atrium
→ Aorta
Answer: A. Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left
ventricle → Aorta
Rationale: Blood flows from systemic veins into the right atrium, then to the right
ventricle, through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, back to the left atrium, left
ventricle, and out the aorta.
, 3. Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
A. Diaphragm
B. Mediastinum
C. Pericardium
D. Pleura
Answer: A. Diaphragm
Rationale: The diaphragm is a muscular structure that divides the thoracic and
abdominal cavities and aids in respiration.
4. A patient presents with hypocalcemia. Which hormone would primarily
respond to increase blood calcium levels?
A. Calcitonin
B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C. Thyroxine (T4)
D. Insulin
Answer: B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Rationale: PTH is released by the parathyroid glands to increase blood calcium by
stimulating bone resorption, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and
reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys.
5. During muscle contraction, which filament slides toward the center of the
sarcomere?
A. Actin
B. Myosin
C. Titin
D. Nebulin
Answer: A. Actin
Rationale: Actin filaments slide past the myosin filaments toward the M-line,
shortening the sarcomere during contraction.
, 6. Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating balance and
coordination?
A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Hypothalamus
Answer: B. Cerebellum
Rationale: The cerebellum integrates sensory input and motor commands to
maintain balance and coordinate voluntary movements.
7. Which type of epithelial tissue lines the alveoli in the lungs?
A. Stratified squamous
B. Simple squamous
C. Simple cuboidal
D. Pseudostratified columnar
Answer: B. Simple squamous
Rationale: Simple squamous epithelium allows for rapid gas exchange in the
alveoli due to its thin, single-layered structure.
8. A decrease in blood osmolarity would primarily stimulate:
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
B. Aldosterone secretion
C. Renin release
D. Insulin release
Answer: B. Aldosterone secretion
Rationale: Aldosterone promotes sodium retention, which indirectly helps regulate
osmolarity and blood pressure. (Note: ADH is more directly stimulated by
increased osmolarity, so decreased osmolarity reduces ADH.)
, 9. Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?
A. Transporting oxygen to tissues
B. Absorbing dietary fats
C. Producing red blood cells
D. Filtering waste from blood
Answer: B. Absorbing dietary fats
Rationale: The lymphatic system absorbs fats from the digestive tract through
lacteals and also contributes to immune defense.
10. The primary pacemaker of the heart is the:
A. AV node
B. Purkinje fibers
C. SA node
D. Bundle of His
Answer: C. SA node
Rationale: The sinoatrial (SA) node initiates each heartbeat and sets the pace for
cardiac rhythm.
11. Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
A. Femur
B. Sternum
C. Scapula
D. Humerus
Answer: B. Sternum
Rationale: The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic
cage, which contains the sternum.
12. Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
A. Hinge joint
B. Ball-and-socket joint
C. Pivot joint
D. Saddle joint
Answer: B. Ball-and-socket joint
Rationale: Ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip, allow movement
in multiple planes, including rotation.
QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
GRADED A+
GUARANTEED PASS ON THE FIRST ATTEMPT
1. The functional unit of the kidney is the:
A. Nephron
B. Glomerulus
C. Bowman’s capsule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: A. Nephron
Rationale: The nephron is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney
responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
2. Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of blood through the
heart?
A. Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle
→ Aorta
B. Left atrium → Left ventricle → Lungs → Right atrium → Right ventricle
→ Aorta
C. Right ventricle → Right atrium → Lungs → Left ventricle → Left atrium
→ Aorta
D. Left ventricle → Left atrium → Lungs → Right ventricle → Right atrium
→ Aorta
Answer: A. Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left
ventricle → Aorta
Rationale: Blood flows from systemic veins into the right atrium, then to the right
ventricle, through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, back to the left atrium, left
ventricle, and out the aorta.
, 3. Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
A. Diaphragm
B. Mediastinum
C. Pericardium
D. Pleura
Answer: A. Diaphragm
Rationale: The diaphragm is a muscular structure that divides the thoracic and
abdominal cavities and aids in respiration.
4. A patient presents with hypocalcemia. Which hormone would primarily
respond to increase blood calcium levels?
A. Calcitonin
B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C. Thyroxine (T4)
D. Insulin
Answer: B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Rationale: PTH is released by the parathyroid glands to increase blood calcium by
stimulating bone resorption, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and
reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys.
5. During muscle contraction, which filament slides toward the center of the
sarcomere?
A. Actin
B. Myosin
C. Titin
D. Nebulin
Answer: A. Actin
Rationale: Actin filaments slide past the myosin filaments toward the M-line,
shortening the sarcomere during contraction.
, 6. Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating balance and
coordination?
A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Hypothalamus
Answer: B. Cerebellum
Rationale: The cerebellum integrates sensory input and motor commands to
maintain balance and coordinate voluntary movements.
7. Which type of epithelial tissue lines the alveoli in the lungs?
A. Stratified squamous
B. Simple squamous
C. Simple cuboidal
D. Pseudostratified columnar
Answer: B. Simple squamous
Rationale: Simple squamous epithelium allows for rapid gas exchange in the
alveoli due to its thin, single-layered structure.
8. A decrease in blood osmolarity would primarily stimulate:
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
B. Aldosterone secretion
C. Renin release
D. Insulin release
Answer: B. Aldosterone secretion
Rationale: Aldosterone promotes sodium retention, which indirectly helps regulate
osmolarity and blood pressure. (Note: ADH is more directly stimulated by
increased osmolarity, so decreased osmolarity reduces ADH.)
, 9. Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?
A. Transporting oxygen to tissues
B. Absorbing dietary fats
C. Producing red blood cells
D. Filtering waste from blood
Answer: B. Absorbing dietary fats
Rationale: The lymphatic system absorbs fats from the digestive tract through
lacteals and also contributes to immune defense.
10. The primary pacemaker of the heart is the:
A. AV node
B. Purkinje fibers
C. SA node
D. Bundle of His
Answer: C. SA node
Rationale: The sinoatrial (SA) node initiates each heartbeat and sets the pace for
cardiac rhythm.
11. Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
A. Femur
B. Sternum
C. Scapula
D. Humerus
Answer: B. Sternum
Rationale: The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic
cage, which contains the sternum.
12. Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
A. Hinge joint
B. Ball-and-socket joint
C. Pivot joint
D. Saddle joint
Answer: B. Ball-and-socket joint
Rationale: Ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip, allow movement
in multiple planes, including rotation.
