CLEP Human Growth and Development Exam Review
Identity vs role confusion (adolescence) – can reflect on identity and
consider multiple roles,
determining if you are willing to make an effort to integrate all
of those roles. And
understanding who you as an individual are (often influenced by the
culture and time the
person lives in).
Erikson.
Intimacy vs Isolation (young adulthood) - ready to break away from
family and form new
intimate relationships, determining if you are ready to share
yourself or not. Erikson.
Generativity vs stagnation (adulthood) - kids are gone - you're free,
determining whether or not
you are going to show interest in others/the next generation. (some
people, who successfully
pass this stage, take on a career that focuses on helping others
during this stage) Erikson.
Ego integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood) - reflecting on your life,
determining if you are going
to accept it all or not.
Erikson.
,Sociocultural Theory of Development - Argues that there is a
bidirectional relationship between the child and the sociocultural
environment. The child influences the people and environment that he
or she interacts with, as much as those people and environments
influence the child's development. (This is reciprocal determinism.)
(key people: Vygotsky and Bronfenbrenner)
reciprocal determinism - (by Bandura 1986) An important part of social-
cognitive approach to
personality. It shows that (1) how people think, (2) how people
act, and (3) what their
environment is like all interact to influence the
consistency of behavior.
Scaffolding/Guided Participation - cognitive support provided to a
younger thinker by a more advance thinker (such as older children and
adults)/older adults transmit the values and beliefs of the culture to
children. Vygotsky.
Zone of Proximal (or Potential) Development (ZPD) - The difference
between (actual and potential skills) the skills a child develops alone
and those that can be learned/achieved with the help of someone
knowledgeable. Vygotsky.
Lev Vygotsky - Russian psychologist who created an alternative
cognitive developmental theory to Piaget's theory. Believe that Piaget
was Not taking into consideration social/sociocultural influences of
cognitive development
[Sociocultural Theory of Development = the environment influences the
child just as much as the child influences the environment]
,Ecological systems theory - (also called bioecological approach) by
Bronfenbrenner. Describes development as taking place within the
context of several systems. A child's development is affected by several
contexts or systems such as microsystems, mesosystem, ecosystem,
and macrosystem
microsystem - The immediate environmental conext the child
experiences directly, like the
family.
Bronfenbrenner.
mesosystem - the interrelationships between events of different
microsystems. example, home
and school.
Bronfenbrenner.
ecosystem - the contexts that significant others in the child's life
directly experience but the
child does not. example, parent's work.
Bronfenbrenner.
macrosystem - the larger cultural context in which all other systems
exist. Bronfenbrenner.
natural selection - The name Charles Darwin used for the process
through which species evolve
over time. Some get traits that help them survive,
but others die out.
, ethology and evolutionary psychology - sees human development
based on Darwin's theory of
evolution
(key people: Konrad Lorenz and
John Bowlby)
Critical period - (called the sensitive period in humans & by evolution
theorists) a specific period
in development when a certain event will have the greatest
impact/must be developed.
sample & population - a representative subset of a population (in other
words, less than all of the people from the population) & all of the
people who fit under a particular category (such as all Americans, all
high-school students with an eating disorder, etc.)
random sample - The term used for a sample of the target population
that has been drawn using sampling technique that gave every member
of the target population an equal chance of being selected (unlike
biased sampling).
Experiments - A researcher manipulates variables to test theories,
conclusions, and cause and effect relationships. Has independent and
dependent variables. Researchers have direct control over the
independent variable.
Independent Variable - Is the variable that is being manipulated (also
the "cause")
Identity vs role confusion (adolescence) – can reflect on identity and
consider multiple roles,
determining if you are willing to make an effort to integrate all
of those roles. And
understanding who you as an individual are (often influenced by the
culture and time the
person lives in).
Erikson.
Intimacy vs Isolation (young adulthood) - ready to break away from
family and form new
intimate relationships, determining if you are ready to share
yourself or not. Erikson.
Generativity vs stagnation (adulthood) - kids are gone - you're free,
determining whether or not
you are going to show interest in others/the next generation. (some
people, who successfully
pass this stage, take on a career that focuses on helping others
during this stage) Erikson.
Ego integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood) - reflecting on your life,
determining if you are going
to accept it all or not.
Erikson.
,Sociocultural Theory of Development - Argues that there is a
bidirectional relationship between the child and the sociocultural
environment. The child influences the people and environment that he
or she interacts with, as much as those people and environments
influence the child's development. (This is reciprocal determinism.)
(key people: Vygotsky and Bronfenbrenner)
reciprocal determinism - (by Bandura 1986) An important part of social-
cognitive approach to
personality. It shows that (1) how people think, (2) how people
act, and (3) what their
environment is like all interact to influence the
consistency of behavior.
Scaffolding/Guided Participation - cognitive support provided to a
younger thinker by a more advance thinker (such as older children and
adults)/older adults transmit the values and beliefs of the culture to
children. Vygotsky.
Zone of Proximal (or Potential) Development (ZPD) - The difference
between (actual and potential skills) the skills a child develops alone
and those that can be learned/achieved with the help of someone
knowledgeable. Vygotsky.
Lev Vygotsky - Russian psychologist who created an alternative
cognitive developmental theory to Piaget's theory. Believe that Piaget
was Not taking into consideration social/sociocultural influences of
cognitive development
[Sociocultural Theory of Development = the environment influences the
child just as much as the child influences the environment]
,Ecological systems theory - (also called bioecological approach) by
Bronfenbrenner. Describes development as taking place within the
context of several systems. A child's development is affected by several
contexts or systems such as microsystems, mesosystem, ecosystem,
and macrosystem
microsystem - The immediate environmental conext the child
experiences directly, like the
family.
Bronfenbrenner.
mesosystem - the interrelationships between events of different
microsystems. example, home
and school.
Bronfenbrenner.
ecosystem - the contexts that significant others in the child's life
directly experience but the
child does not. example, parent's work.
Bronfenbrenner.
macrosystem - the larger cultural context in which all other systems
exist. Bronfenbrenner.
natural selection - The name Charles Darwin used for the process
through which species evolve
over time. Some get traits that help them survive,
but others die out.
, ethology and evolutionary psychology - sees human development
based on Darwin's theory of
evolution
(key people: Konrad Lorenz and
John Bowlby)
Critical period - (called the sensitive period in humans & by evolution
theorists) a specific period
in development when a certain event will have the greatest
impact/must be developed.
sample & population - a representative subset of a population (in other
words, less than all of the people from the population) & all of the
people who fit under a particular category (such as all Americans, all
high-school students with an eating disorder, etc.)
random sample - The term used for a sample of the target population
that has been drawn using sampling technique that gave every member
of the target population an equal chance of being selected (unlike
biased sampling).
Experiments - A researcher manipulates variables to test theories,
conclusions, and cause and effect relationships. Has independent and
dependent variables. Researchers have direct control over the
independent variable.
Independent Variable - Is the variable that is being manipulated (also
the "cause")
