NR 507 Advanced Pathology Final Exam Complete Study Guide with Verified Questions and

NR 507
Advanced
Pathology Final
Exam Complete
Study Guide
2026 2027 with
Verified
Questions and
Correct Answers

,Angle of His - correct answer = Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes gastro
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esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure m m m m m m




GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - correct answer = A digestive disease in which
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stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
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Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at the gastro
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esophageal junction m




big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the muscles
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around the stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
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Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia,
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gastroparesis, and obesity m m




heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms m m m m m




chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for classic
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GERD

Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea
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H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD m m m m m




Barrett's esophagus - correct answer = caused by exposure to enzymes coming from the
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stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's
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esophagus

m diaphram - correct answer = a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
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also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
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The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - correct answer = skeletal
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muscle

the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - correct answer = skeletal and
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smooth muscle m




m the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - correct answer = smooth muscle
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m simple obstruction of the GI tract - correct answer = result from the blockage of the intestine.
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Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion of
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inorganic objects that become lodged within the intestine.
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,intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common in m m m m m m m m m m m m m m




children less than 2 years of age, m m m m m m m




surgical adhesions are more common in adults. m m m m m m m




Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the toddler
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years. m




Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a paralytic
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ileus

peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = ulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the lining of
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the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the esophagus
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(esophageal ulcer)
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form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
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Risk factors for developing PUD include:
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NSAID use. m




Age greater than 65 years. m m m m




Genetic predisposition. m




Alcohol ingestion. m




m the role of the stomach - correct answer = to liquify food by churning it and using enzymes and
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m acid to assist in the breakdown
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pylorus - correct answer = a muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the
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duodenum

can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
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the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - correct answer = secrets mucosa rich in bicarbonate
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- it protects the lining of the stomach from acid
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has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
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m parietal cells - correct answer = secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
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chief cells - correct answer = secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the action
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of hydrochloric acid
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m G-cells - correct answer = releases gastrin m m m m m m




m submucosa - correct answer = on top of mucosa m m m m m m m m




contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels m m m m m

, m Muscularis Externa - correct answer = on top of the submucosa m m m m m m m m m m




three smooth muscle layers: aid in peristalysis
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m serosa - correct answer = on top of muscularis externa
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outer layer of connective tissue that connects to organs
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Good and Bad key players in peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = Good: "defense system"
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bicarb = coats and protects cells m m m m m




prostaglandins = regulates perfusion to stomach and mucus to release bicarb, controls acid m m m m m m m m m m m m m




amount secreted by parietal cells m m m m




Bad: "toxic system"
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ulcer (H. Pylori, NSAIDs, etc) = acid penetrates mucosa = histamine released = parietal cells
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release even more HCL acid = more stomach irritation
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HCL acid via parietal cells + Pepsinogen via chief cells = pepsin
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Heliobacter pylori - correct answer = spiral shaped bacteria that is the cause of most gastric
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ulcers

produces urease which breaks down urea = ammonia & carbon dioxide = neutralizes acid
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and breaks down mucosa
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spreads through oral/oral or oral/fecal m m m m




NSAIDs effect on gastric system - correct answer = decreases production of prostaglandins
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= impacts the health of the stomach
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Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - correct answer = Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with
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ulcers = increased stomach acid m m m m




signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = Indigestion & epigastric pain
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(burning, gnawing or dull) m m m




Gastric = eating food makes it worse (1-2hrs after), pain = dull & aching, weightloss, sever:
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vomit = coffee grounds or frank red blood
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Duodenal = eating food makes it better (3-4 hours after), wake in the middle of night with pain,
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gnawing pain, severe: tarry dark stool m m m m m




diagnosing peptic ulcer disease - correct answer = scope of the stomach
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upper GI series: drink barium to coat upper GI tract
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CT scan of abdomen with contrast
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