PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 - UTA
(URBAN) UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM 2026
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Patho of Ischemic Stroke - Correct Answer -diminished perfusion to brain tissue -
cellular ischemia which may
lead to infarction (death of cell) - inflammatory process - swelling, cerebral edema
- increased ICP - further decrease in perfusion
2 types of Ischemic Stroke - Correct Answer -Thrombotic / Embolic
2 types of Stroke - Correct Answer -Ischemic or Hemorrhagic
Situations where Thrombotic or Embolic stroke can occur - Correct Answer -A-Fib,
atherosclerosis of carotids, Air emboli, clots around mitral or aortic valve
prosthesis or vegetation from around infected valve, intracranial artery plaque can
develop in the circle of Willis; if breaks free can lodges in smaller arteries.
,Transient Ischemic Attack - Correct Answer -Either thrombotic or embolic situation
that causes the same S&S as a fully-evolved stroke. Does not damage brain tissue
because it is transient/temporary—resolves itself quickly. (TIAs last between 10
minutes to <24 hours)
Hemorrhagic Brain Attack - Correct Answer -blood that leaks out directly onto
brain tissue. intracerebral aneurysm begins to leak blood onto brain tissue-blood
irritates the tissue -
inflammatory process - swelling, cerebral edema - increased ICP - cellular
ischemia, injury, and/ or infarction of the surrounding area.
WORST HEADACHE OF THEIR LIFE
The three general areas of brain tissue are - Correct Answer -Brain stem
Cerebellum
Right or left hemisphere of the cerebrum
The major cerebral blood supply is - Correct Answer -VERTEBRAL ARTERY merges
with the basilar artery - supplies blood to the brain stem and cerebellum.
Right and left INTERNAL CAROTID artery forms the right and left middle cerebral
artery (MCA) - supplies blood to the right or left hemisphere of cerebrum.
,Assessment of autonomic status (LOC and mental status) #1 - Correct Answer -
vital signs—BP, HR, RR, temp
Assess LOC being oriented X 4 (self, time, place, events) follow commands, speech,
conversation.
Assessment of sensorimotor findings (LOC) #2 - Correct Answer -movement &
sensation are intricately related
Normal sensation, muscle tone, and movement. symmetric, AKA the same
bilaterally (ie, the same on both right & left sides of body)
Interpretation of sensorimotor findings above the shoulders. - Correct Answer -12
cranial nerves (CNs) branch out from the brain stem (midbrain, pons & medulla)
and "rule" sensorimotor status above the shoulders.
Assessment will be focused first on vision (CN II) and facial expression (CN VII).
Abnormalities of vision or facial expression - Correct Answer -Focal Lesion- a brain
attack, tumor or bleeding
, Flow of blood through the Kidney - Correct Answer -In through the affarent
arterial - glomerulus - blood gets filtered - exits via efferent arterioles - to the
capillary beds of the ducting system aka the peritubular capillaries - then to the
venus system
Path or Urine through the Kidney - Correct Answer -Bowmans capsule - proximal
convoluted tubule PCT - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule DCT - exits via
collecting tubules - to renal pelvis - then out via the ureter
Concentration decisions of the kidneys are made by - Correct Answer -Glomerulus
- the first "decision" point of the kidneys to decipher what and how much to
include as the beginning of urine. this is done at a certain rate, called the GFR—
glomerular filtration rate
Tubule - the tubule of a nephron begins as the Bowman's capsule, becomes the
PCT (proximal convoluted tubule), the loop of Henle, the DCT (distal convoluted
tubule), and the collecting tubule.
Normal GFR - Correct Answer -125ml /PER MIN
Tubular Reabsorption - Correct Answer -WHAT THE BODY OS HOLDING ON TO
(URBAN) UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM 2026
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Patho of Ischemic Stroke - Correct Answer -diminished perfusion to brain tissue -
cellular ischemia which may
lead to infarction (death of cell) - inflammatory process - swelling, cerebral edema
- increased ICP - further decrease in perfusion
2 types of Ischemic Stroke - Correct Answer -Thrombotic / Embolic
2 types of Stroke - Correct Answer -Ischemic or Hemorrhagic
Situations where Thrombotic or Embolic stroke can occur - Correct Answer -A-Fib,
atherosclerosis of carotids, Air emboli, clots around mitral or aortic valve
prosthesis or vegetation from around infected valve, intracranial artery plaque can
develop in the circle of Willis; if breaks free can lodges in smaller arteries.
,Transient Ischemic Attack - Correct Answer -Either thrombotic or embolic situation
that causes the same S&S as a fully-evolved stroke. Does not damage brain tissue
because it is transient/temporary—resolves itself quickly. (TIAs last between 10
minutes to <24 hours)
Hemorrhagic Brain Attack - Correct Answer -blood that leaks out directly onto
brain tissue. intracerebral aneurysm begins to leak blood onto brain tissue-blood
irritates the tissue -
inflammatory process - swelling, cerebral edema - increased ICP - cellular
ischemia, injury, and/ or infarction of the surrounding area.
WORST HEADACHE OF THEIR LIFE
The three general areas of brain tissue are - Correct Answer -Brain stem
Cerebellum
Right or left hemisphere of the cerebrum
The major cerebral blood supply is - Correct Answer -VERTEBRAL ARTERY merges
with the basilar artery - supplies blood to the brain stem and cerebellum.
Right and left INTERNAL CAROTID artery forms the right and left middle cerebral
artery (MCA) - supplies blood to the right or left hemisphere of cerebrum.
,Assessment of autonomic status (LOC and mental status) #1 - Correct Answer -
vital signs—BP, HR, RR, temp
Assess LOC being oriented X 4 (self, time, place, events) follow commands, speech,
conversation.
Assessment of sensorimotor findings (LOC) #2 - Correct Answer -movement &
sensation are intricately related
Normal sensation, muscle tone, and movement. symmetric, AKA the same
bilaterally (ie, the same on both right & left sides of body)
Interpretation of sensorimotor findings above the shoulders. - Correct Answer -12
cranial nerves (CNs) branch out from the brain stem (midbrain, pons & medulla)
and "rule" sensorimotor status above the shoulders.
Assessment will be focused first on vision (CN II) and facial expression (CN VII).
Abnormalities of vision or facial expression - Correct Answer -Focal Lesion- a brain
attack, tumor or bleeding
, Flow of blood through the Kidney - Correct Answer -In through the affarent
arterial - glomerulus - blood gets filtered - exits via efferent arterioles - to the
capillary beds of the ducting system aka the peritubular capillaries - then to the
venus system
Path or Urine through the Kidney - Correct Answer -Bowmans capsule - proximal
convoluted tubule PCT - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule DCT - exits via
collecting tubules - to renal pelvis - then out via the ureter
Concentration decisions of the kidneys are made by - Correct Answer -Glomerulus
- the first "decision" point of the kidneys to decipher what and how much to
include as the beginning of urine. this is done at a certain rate, called the GFR—
glomerular filtration rate
Tubule - the tubule of a nephron begins as the Bowman's capsule, becomes the
PCT (proximal convoluted tubule), the loop of Henle, the DCT (distal convoluted
tubule), and the collecting tubule.
Normal GFR - Correct Answer -125ml /PER MIN
Tubular Reabsorption - Correct Answer -WHAT THE BODY OS HOLDING ON TO
