Adult 1 Exam 1 UTMB with | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2025/2026
(Graded A+).
Virulence - ANSWER- Ability of pathogen to invade and injure host (ability to produce
disease)
non-specific (innate) immunity - ANSWER- first line of defense against invasion by
pathogens
specific adaptive immunity - ANSWER- allows the body to make antibodies in response
to a foreign organism (antigen)
Prevention of HAI - ANSWER- 1. Hand washing
2. Sterile procedure
3. Skin integrity
Types of Healthcare Associated Infections - ANSWER- Iatrogenic infection
exogenous infection
endogenous infection
Iantrogenic (HAI) - ANSWER- results from diagnostic procedure
Exogenous (HAI) - ANSWER- from microorganisms outside the body
Endogenous (HAI) - ANSWER- overgrowth of natural flora (opportunistic)
Who is at risk for infection? - ANSWER- Immunocompromised
Post operative
Indwelling device
Break in the skin
impaired circulation
chronic disease
crowded environments
older adults
poor life choices
Common HAI infection routes - ANSWER- 1. Surgical or trauma wound
2. Urinary
3. resp. Tract
4. bloodstream
,Adult 1 Exam 1 UTMB with | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2025/2026
(Graded A+).
Chain of Infection - ANSWER- 1. Infectious agent
2. Reservoirs - where does the infectious agent reside
3. Portal of exit - how does pathogen leave the body (sneeze/cough)
4. Means of transmission - how exposed to another person
5. Portal of entry - how does pathogen enter a new host
6. Susceptible host - person at risk for developing infection
Means of transmission - ANSWER- 1. Contact (Direct or indirect)
2. Droplet (sneeze, cough, talking), large particles
3. Airborne (cough, sneeze, exhaling), small particles suspended in air
4. Vector (animals/insects)
Stages of Infection - ANSWER- 1. Incubation - the time between pathogen enters the
body and first symptoms
2. Prodromal - General symptoms appear pathogen is multiplying (nonspecific like
fatigue)
3. Illness - specific symptoms of pathogen appear (ex: strep = sore throat)
4. Convalescence - symptoms are gone, recovery lasts days to months
Infection control - ANSWER- Patient safety
Separate personal care items
Handling solid and fluid waste
Wound cleaning
Patient education
Cough etiquette
isolation and isolation precautions
surgical asepsis
Devices at risk for infection (HAI) - ANSWER- -Catheter - avoid if possible, remove as
soon as possible
-IV - can be left in 72 hrs max
Nursing Process of Infection
1. Assessment - ANSWER- -Review of systems
-Travel hist. And immunizations
-Early recog. Of risk factors
-Patient susceptibility to infection
-Current medical therapy
-Clinical appearance of patient
-Signs and symptoms of infection
-Lab data (WBC, ESR, CRP), WBC 15,000-20,000 definite infection
Nursing Process of Infection
2. Planning - ANSWER- -Goals and outcomes
(Prevent exposure to pathogens,
Control/reduce current infection, &
, Adult 1 Exam 1 UTMB with | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2025/2026
(Graded A+).
Maintain resistance to new infection)
-Verbalize understanding of infection prevention - teach client
-Teamwork and collaboration - use teamwork to work towards goals
Nursing Process of Infection
3. Implementation - ANSWER- -Health promotion - preventing an infection (use
med/surg asepsis)
-Acute care - eliminate pathogens and support immune defenses
Nursing Process of Infection
4. Evaluation - ANSWER- -what was success of infection control technique?
-See through patients eyes, have their expectations been met?
-Patient outcomes
(Measure success of infection control,
Compare patient's outcomes to expected outcomes,
If goals not achieved, what next steps must be taken?)
Medical asepsis (also called clean technique) - ANSWER- hand washing, elimination
pathogens
Surgical asepsis (also called sterile technique) - ANSWER- Maintain lack of pathogens
(already steril)
Infection Prevention techniques - ANSWER- -Patient safety
(Separate care items,
Handling solid and fluid waste,
Wound cleaning)
-Patient education
-Cough etiquette (dont cough into hands)
-Isolation precautions
-Surgical asepsis
Standard precaution diseases - ANSWER- -CMV
-HIV
-Hep B and C
-Asperegillosis
Contact precaution diseases - ANSWER- -MRSA
-VRE
-Adenovirus
-Diarrhea
-C Diff
-Rotavirus
-E Coli
-Entero Virus
-Salmonella
(Graded A+).
Virulence - ANSWER- Ability of pathogen to invade and injure host (ability to produce
disease)
non-specific (innate) immunity - ANSWER- first line of defense against invasion by
pathogens
specific adaptive immunity - ANSWER- allows the body to make antibodies in response
to a foreign organism (antigen)
Prevention of HAI - ANSWER- 1. Hand washing
2. Sterile procedure
3. Skin integrity
Types of Healthcare Associated Infections - ANSWER- Iatrogenic infection
exogenous infection
endogenous infection
Iantrogenic (HAI) - ANSWER- results from diagnostic procedure
Exogenous (HAI) - ANSWER- from microorganisms outside the body
Endogenous (HAI) - ANSWER- overgrowth of natural flora (opportunistic)
Who is at risk for infection? - ANSWER- Immunocompromised
Post operative
Indwelling device
Break in the skin
impaired circulation
chronic disease
crowded environments
older adults
poor life choices
Common HAI infection routes - ANSWER- 1. Surgical or trauma wound
2. Urinary
3. resp. Tract
4. bloodstream
,Adult 1 Exam 1 UTMB with | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2025/2026
(Graded A+).
Chain of Infection - ANSWER- 1. Infectious agent
2. Reservoirs - where does the infectious agent reside
3. Portal of exit - how does pathogen leave the body (sneeze/cough)
4. Means of transmission - how exposed to another person
5. Portal of entry - how does pathogen enter a new host
6. Susceptible host - person at risk for developing infection
Means of transmission - ANSWER- 1. Contact (Direct or indirect)
2. Droplet (sneeze, cough, talking), large particles
3. Airborne (cough, sneeze, exhaling), small particles suspended in air
4. Vector (animals/insects)
Stages of Infection - ANSWER- 1. Incubation - the time between pathogen enters the
body and first symptoms
2. Prodromal - General symptoms appear pathogen is multiplying (nonspecific like
fatigue)
3. Illness - specific symptoms of pathogen appear (ex: strep = sore throat)
4. Convalescence - symptoms are gone, recovery lasts days to months
Infection control - ANSWER- Patient safety
Separate personal care items
Handling solid and fluid waste
Wound cleaning
Patient education
Cough etiquette
isolation and isolation precautions
surgical asepsis
Devices at risk for infection (HAI) - ANSWER- -Catheter - avoid if possible, remove as
soon as possible
-IV - can be left in 72 hrs max
Nursing Process of Infection
1. Assessment - ANSWER- -Review of systems
-Travel hist. And immunizations
-Early recog. Of risk factors
-Patient susceptibility to infection
-Current medical therapy
-Clinical appearance of patient
-Signs and symptoms of infection
-Lab data (WBC, ESR, CRP), WBC 15,000-20,000 definite infection
Nursing Process of Infection
2. Planning - ANSWER- -Goals and outcomes
(Prevent exposure to pathogens,
Control/reduce current infection, &
, Adult 1 Exam 1 UTMB with | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2025/2026
(Graded A+).
Maintain resistance to new infection)
-Verbalize understanding of infection prevention - teach client
-Teamwork and collaboration - use teamwork to work towards goals
Nursing Process of Infection
3. Implementation - ANSWER- -Health promotion - preventing an infection (use
med/surg asepsis)
-Acute care - eliminate pathogens and support immune defenses
Nursing Process of Infection
4. Evaluation - ANSWER- -what was success of infection control technique?
-See through patients eyes, have their expectations been met?
-Patient outcomes
(Measure success of infection control,
Compare patient's outcomes to expected outcomes,
If goals not achieved, what next steps must be taken?)
Medical asepsis (also called clean technique) - ANSWER- hand washing, elimination
pathogens
Surgical asepsis (also called sterile technique) - ANSWER- Maintain lack of pathogens
(already steril)
Infection Prevention techniques - ANSWER- -Patient safety
(Separate care items,
Handling solid and fluid waste,
Wound cleaning)
-Patient education
-Cough etiquette (dont cough into hands)
-Isolation precautions
-Surgical asepsis
Standard precaution diseases - ANSWER- -CMV
-HIV
-Hep B and C
-Asperegillosis
Contact precaution diseases - ANSWER- -MRSA
-VRE
-Adenovirus
-Diarrhea
-C Diff
-Rotavirus
-E Coli
-Entero Virus
-Salmonella
