WGU C785 Final Exam with correct verified
answers 2026|27.
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?
(ANS- amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable
group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and
charged?
(ANS- Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or
NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? (ANS- ionic,
hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
(ANS- Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by
hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+
amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond?
(ANS- hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature,
change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? (ANS- hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding?
,(ANS- Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? (ANS- Can cause structure to change. Protein loses
form = loses function. May form a different protein.
What is an electron?
(ANS- Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
What is energy:
(ANS- Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds?
(ANS- chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? (ANS- bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? (ANS- weak bond between positive and negative
with an amino?
(ANS- piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl?
(ANS- piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic?
(ANS- Doesn't like water, end with CH
,what is hydrophilic?
(ANS- Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond?
(ANS- strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions?
(ANS- amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero
what is a polypeptide
(ANS- polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis?
(ANS- Process of forming peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis?
(ANS- adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix?
(ANS- twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet?
(ANS- folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation?
, (ANS- loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation?
(ANS- clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to
diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions?
(ANS- bind with substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? (ANS- decrease activation energy
and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle?
(ANS- enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme- substrate complex
is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled
how do environmental changes affect enzymes?
(ANS- High heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme
to lose its form/lose function
what is a competitive inhibitor?
(ANS- Mimics substrate and takes its place on the active binding site
what is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
(ANS- Binds to allosteric site causing active site to change shape = preventing substrate from
binding with enzyme
answers 2026|27.
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?
(ANS- amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable
group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and
charged?
(ANS- Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or
NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? (ANS- ionic,
hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
(ANS- Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by
hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+
amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond?
(ANS- hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature,
change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? (ANS- hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding?
,(ANS- Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? (ANS- Can cause structure to change. Protein loses
form = loses function. May form a different protein.
What is an electron?
(ANS- Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
What is energy:
(ANS- Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds?
(ANS- chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? (ANS- bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? (ANS- weak bond between positive and negative
with an amino?
(ANS- piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl?
(ANS- piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic?
(ANS- Doesn't like water, end with CH
,what is hydrophilic?
(ANS- Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond?
(ANS- strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions?
(ANS- amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero
what is a polypeptide
(ANS- polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis?
(ANS- Process of forming peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis?
(ANS- adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix?
(ANS- twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet?
(ANS- folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation?
, (ANS- loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation?
(ANS- clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to
diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions?
(ANS- bind with substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? (ANS- decrease activation energy
and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle?
(ANS- enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme- substrate complex
is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled
how do environmental changes affect enzymes?
(ANS- High heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme
to lose its form/lose function
what is a competitive inhibitor?
(ANS- Mimics substrate and takes its place on the active binding site
what is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
(ANS- Binds to allosteric site causing active site to change shape = preventing substrate from
binding with enzyme
