EPALS Exam (Latest 2026 Update) | Complete
Guide with Questions and Verified Answers |
100% Correct | Grade A+
‣ Hypovolemic schock ✓✓decreased circulating blood volume
(dehydration/trauma)
‣ distributive shock ✓✓inadequate disruption of blood, so that the blood
flow is insufficient for the oxygenation of the tissues.
(anaphylaxis/sepsis/neurogenic)
‣ cardiogenic shock ✓✓circulatory failure due to poor heart function
(cardiomyopathy/myocarditis/cardiac surgery)
‣ obstructive shock ✓✓circulatory failure due to obstruction of blood
flow to/from the heart (tension pneumothorax/cardiac tamponade)
‣ Dissociative Shock ✓✓insufficient oxygen carrying capacity of the
blood (anaemia/carbon monoxide poisoning)
‣ Weight Estimation ✓✓weight (kg) = (age in years +4) x2
‣ cardiac output ✓✓Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume (blood
volume ejected each contraction)
, ‣ blood pressure ✓✓blood pressure = cardiac output X systemic vascular
resistance
‣ compensation mechanism in shock ✓✓Tachycardia, vasoconstriction,
increased myocardial contractibility
‣ Sizing of oropharyngeal airway ✓✓laid against the side of the face, has
a length equal to the distance between the level of the patients incisors
(or where they will be) to the angle of the jaw
‣ sizing nasopharyngeal airway ✓✓depth - from the nostril to the angle
of the mandible.
diameter - shouldn't blanch the nostril
‣ attempts to interrupt intubation... ✓✓peripheral oxygen saturations
begin to fall
heart rate begins to fall or is less than 60bpm
more than 30 seconds has elapsed
‣ suddenly deterioration of the intubated patient (DOPES) ✓✓D -
displacement of the tube
O - obstruction of the tube (secretions/kinking)
P - pneumothorax and other pulmonary disorders
(bronchospasm/oedema/pulmonary hypertension)
Guide with Questions and Verified Answers |
100% Correct | Grade A+
‣ Hypovolemic schock ✓✓decreased circulating blood volume
(dehydration/trauma)
‣ distributive shock ✓✓inadequate disruption of blood, so that the blood
flow is insufficient for the oxygenation of the tissues.
(anaphylaxis/sepsis/neurogenic)
‣ cardiogenic shock ✓✓circulatory failure due to poor heart function
(cardiomyopathy/myocarditis/cardiac surgery)
‣ obstructive shock ✓✓circulatory failure due to obstruction of blood
flow to/from the heart (tension pneumothorax/cardiac tamponade)
‣ Dissociative Shock ✓✓insufficient oxygen carrying capacity of the
blood (anaemia/carbon monoxide poisoning)
‣ Weight Estimation ✓✓weight (kg) = (age in years +4) x2
‣ cardiac output ✓✓Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume (blood
volume ejected each contraction)
, ‣ blood pressure ✓✓blood pressure = cardiac output X systemic vascular
resistance
‣ compensation mechanism in shock ✓✓Tachycardia, vasoconstriction,
increased myocardial contractibility
‣ Sizing of oropharyngeal airway ✓✓laid against the side of the face, has
a length equal to the distance between the level of the patients incisors
(or where they will be) to the angle of the jaw
‣ sizing nasopharyngeal airway ✓✓depth - from the nostril to the angle
of the mandible.
diameter - shouldn't blanch the nostril
‣ attempts to interrupt intubation... ✓✓peripheral oxygen saturations
begin to fall
heart rate begins to fall or is less than 60bpm
more than 30 seconds has elapsed
‣ suddenly deterioration of the intubated patient (DOPES) ✓✓D -
displacement of the tube
O - obstruction of the tube (secretions/kinking)
P - pneumothorax and other pulmonary disorders
(bronchospasm/oedema/pulmonary hypertension)
