MDC 2 EXAM 1
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1. Benign cells: Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
2. Benign Cell Features: o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
3. Benign cell looks similar to a: healthy cell
4. Examples of Benign cells: o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
5. Malignant cells: indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death
6. Malignant cell features: o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
7. Seven warning signs of cancer: o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
, MDC 2 EXAM 1
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o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
8. Cancer development stages of malignancy: o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
9. Initiation (Stage of malignancy): Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
10. Promotion: Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
11. Progression: Increase in production of malignant cells
12. Metastasis: Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
13. Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis: cancer development
14. Cancer classification: o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
15. Grading: Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
16. Ploidy: Number of chromosomes
17. Staging: How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
18. TNM: o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
19. Doubling time and mitotic index: Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells
how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
20. Cancer prevention primary: o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
, MDC 2 EXAM 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8jnsws
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
21. Cancer prevention secondary: o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
22. Cancer prevention tertiary: People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
23. Types of cancers: carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
24. Carcinoma: malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
25. Sarcoma: malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
26. Melanoma: pigment producing skin cancer
27. Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
28. Leukemia: white blood cell tumor
29. Blastoma: malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
30. Lab Diagnostic Tests: o CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
31. Imaging Diagnostic Tests: o CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
32. Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests: o Bronchoscopy
o Colonoscopy
o Cystoscopy
o Laparoscopy
o Laryngoscopy
o Mediastinoscopy
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8jnsws
1. Benign cells: Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
2. Benign Cell Features: o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
3. Benign cell looks similar to a: healthy cell
4. Examples of Benign cells: o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
5. Malignant cells: indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death
6. Malignant cell features: o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
7. Seven warning signs of cancer: o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
, MDC 2 EXAM 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8jnsws
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
8. Cancer development stages of malignancy: o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
9. Initiation (Stage of malignancy): Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
10. Promotion: Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
11. Progression: Increase in production of malignant cells
12. Metastasis: Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
13. Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis: cancer development
14. Cancer classification: o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
15. Grading: Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
16. Ploidy: Number of chromosomes
17. Staging: How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
18. TNM: o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
19. Doubling time and mitotic index: Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells
how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
20. Cancer prevention primary: o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
, MDC 2 EXAM 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8jnsws
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
21. Cancer prevention secondary: o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
22. Cancer prevention tertiary: People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
23. Types of cancers: carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
24. Carcinoma: malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
25. Sarcoma: malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
26. Melanoma: pigment producing skin cancer
27. Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
28. Leukemia: white blood cell tumor
29. Blastoma: malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
30. Lab Diagnostic Tests: o CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
31. Imaging Diagnostic Tests: o CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
32. Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests: o Bronchoscopy
o Colonoscopy
o Cystoscopy
o Laparoscopy
o Laryngoscopy
o Mediastinoscopy
