,Table of Content n2 n2
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
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Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................................. 13
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Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease........................................................................................................................ 23
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
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Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology .................................................................................................... 27
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................... 39
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Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................. 48
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Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity ............................................................................................................................... 60
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Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
logy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
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SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ................................................................................................................................ 76
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Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Pa
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thophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................ 81
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Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
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Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................ 91
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Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
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ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
n2 n2
Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
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ogy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 105
n2 n2
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .......................... 116
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Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction............. 126
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Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 138
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Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................ 147
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Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation................................................................................................... 156
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Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
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iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 169
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Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................. 176
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INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................................................................... 192
n2 n2
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Under
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standing Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................... 200
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Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function .............................................................................................. 210
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
n2 n2
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
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Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
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iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 229
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SNT
n2 n2 n 2 n 2 O .................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
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Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function .................................................................................................... 245
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, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 257
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Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding P
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athophysiology, 6th Edition .................................................................................................................................... 265
n2 n2
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
ogy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 273
n2 n2
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................................. 280
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Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 286
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Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 295
n2 n2
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................... 300
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Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 305
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Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ....................................................................................................... 312
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Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ................................................................................... 325
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Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathop
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hysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................. 334
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
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Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................ 342
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Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 352
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
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Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 357
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Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ......................................................................................... 366
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, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
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MULTIPLE CHOICE n2
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled D
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
NA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
a. A single circular chromosome
n2 n2 n2
b. A nucleus n2
c. Free-floating nuclear material n2 n2
d. No organelles n2
ANS: B n 2
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prok
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
aryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
REF: p. 2 n2 n2
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nur
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
se describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to en
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
ergy?
a. Metabolic absorption n2
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D n2
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability in
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
volves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secre
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
tion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
REF: p. 2 n2 n2
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n
of the genetic information be contained?
2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm n2
ANS: C n2
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonuclei
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
c acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufact
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
uring. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
REF: p. 2 n2 n2
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
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Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................................. 13
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Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease........................................................................................................................ 23
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
n2 n2
Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology .................................................................................................... 27
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................... 39
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Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
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ysiology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................. 48
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Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity ............................................................................................................................... 60
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Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
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SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ................................................................................................................................ 76
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Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Pa
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thophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................ 81
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Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
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Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................ 91
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Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
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ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
n2 n2
Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
ogy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 105
n2 n2
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .......................... 116
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction............. 126
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Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 138
n2 n2
Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................ 147
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Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation................................................................................................... 156
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Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 169
n2 n2
Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................. 176
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INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................................................................... 192
n2 n2
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Under
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
standing Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................... 200
n2 n2 n2
Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function .............................................................................................. 210
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
n2 n2
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
n2 n2
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
n2 n2
Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
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iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 229
n2 n2
SNT
n2 n2 n 2 n 2 O .................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
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logy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
n2 n2
Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function .................................................................................................... 245
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, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 257
n2 n2
Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding P
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
athophysiology, 6th Edition .................................................................................................................................... 265
n2 n2
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
ogy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 273
n2 n2
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................................. 280
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Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 286
n2 n2
Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 295
n2 n2
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................... 300
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Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 305
n2 n2
Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ....................................................................................................... 312
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ................................................................................... 325
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Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathop
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
hysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................. 334
n2 n2
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
n2 n2
Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................ 342
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 352
n2 n2
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
n2 n2
Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 357
n2 n2
Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ......................................................................................... 366
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
n2 n2 n2
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
MULTIPLE CHOICE n2
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled D
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
NA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
a. A single circular chromosome
n2 n2 n2
b. A nucleus n2
c. Free-floating nuclear material n2 n2
d. No organelles n2
ANS: B n 2
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prok
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
aryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
REF: p. 2 n2 n2
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nur
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
se describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to en
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
ergy?
a. Metabolic absorption n2
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D n2
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability in
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
volves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secre
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
tion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
REF: p. 2 n2 n2
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n
of the genetic information be contained?
2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm n2
ANS: C n2
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonuclei
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
c acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufact
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
uring. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2
REF: p. 2 n2 n2
