RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
UPDATED SCRIPT 2026 PRACTICE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● Rough ER. Answer: That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum
studded with ribosomes.
● Smooth ER. Answer: That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is
free of ribosomes.
● Homeostasis. Answer: A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as
blood glucose, around a particular level
● Hypertrophy. Answer: increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive
development
● atrophy. Answer: the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any
progressive decline or failure; to waste away
● Ischemia. Answer: an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of
the body, especially the heart muscles.
,● S/S of Objective Data. Answer: Any observations made by using your
senses (pts. blood pressure, physical findings, and lab values)
● S/S of Subjective Data. Answer: Any symptoms pt. complains of, what
the pt. feels (pain)
● Epinephrine. Answer: Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal
medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.
● Renin. Answer: hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood
pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
● What causes edema?. Answer: -reduced concentration of plasma
proteins
-increased permeability of capillary wall
-increased venous pressure
-blockage of lymph vessels
● Signs and symptoms of fluid excess. Answer: edema, dysnpea (trouble
breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding,
weight increase
● Signs and symptoms of dehydration. Answer: Dry mucous
membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue,
, Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of
consciousness
● S/S of hypocalcemia. Answer: - muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial
twitching)
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood
pressure cuff inflation)
- seizures
● Osmosis. Answer: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
● Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
● active transport. Answer: Energy-requiring process that moves
material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
● Effect of hypertonic solution. Answer: cell shrinks and can die
● effect of a hypotonic solution. Answer: cell swells and can burst
UPDATED SCRIPT 2026 PRACTICE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● Rough ER. Answer: That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum
studded with ribosomes.
● Smooth ER. Answer: That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is
free of ribosomes.
● Homeostasis. Answer: A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as
blood glucose, around a particular level
● Hypertrophy. Answer: increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive
development
● atrophy. Answer: the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any
progressive decline or failure; to waste away
● Ischemia. Answer: an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of
the body, especially the heart muscles.
,● S/S of Objective Data. Answer: Any observations made by using your
senses (pts. blood pressure, physical findings, and lab values)
● S/S of Subjective Data. Answer: Any symptoms pt. complains of, what
the pt. feels (pain)
● Epinephrine. Answer: Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal
medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.
● Renin. Answer: hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood
pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
● What causes edema?. Answer: -reduced concentration of plasma
proteins
-increased permeability of capillary wall
-increased venous pressure
-blockage of lymph vessels
● Signs and symptoms of fluid excess. Answer: edema, dysnpea (trouble
breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding,
weight increase
● Signs and symptoms of dehydration. Answer: Dry mucous
membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue,
, Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of
consciousness
● S/S of hypocalcemia. Answer: - muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial
twitching)
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood
pressure cuff inflation)
- seizures
● Osmosis. Answer: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
● Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
● active transport. Answer: Energy-requiring process that moves
material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
● Effect of hypertonic solution. Answer: cell shrinks and can die
● effect of a hypotonic solution. Answer: cell swells and can burst
