NR507 Final Exam Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review
Questions and Answers and Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which of the following cellular adaptations involves a decrease in cell size?
• A. Hypertrophy
• B. Metaplasia
• C. Hyperplasia
• D. Atrophy
Answer: D
Explanation: Atrophy is the decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. If it occurs in a sufficient
number of cells, the entire organ shrinks or atrophies.
2. What is the primary mechanism of cell injury in most cases of myocardial
infarction?
• A. Chemical injury
• B. Physical injury
• C. Infection
• D. Hypoxia
Answer: D
Explanation: Hypoxia, or lack of sufficient oxygen, is the single most common cause of
cellular injury, leading to ischemia and potentially infarction.
,3. In the fluid and electrolyte balance, which force favors the movement of
water from the capillaries into the interstitial space?
• A. Intracellular osmotic pressure
• B. Plasma oncotic pressure
• C. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
• D. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Answer: D
Explanation: Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) facilitates the outward
movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with a peaked T-
wave on an ECG?
• A. Hypokalemia
• B. Hyperkalemia
• C. Hypercalcemia
• D. Hyponatremia
Answer: B
Explanation: Hyperkalemia (high serum potassium) causes narrow and peaked T-waves,
which is a critical finding for cardiac stability.
,5. What is the compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?
• A. Hyperventilation to decrease CO2
• B. Renal excretion of bicarbonate
• C. Hypoventilation to increase CO2
• D. Decreased renal acid secretion
Answer: A
Explanation: To compensate for metabolic acidosis, the respiratory system increases the
rate and depth of breathing (Kussmaul respirations) to blow off carbon dioxide.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves mast
cell degranulation?
• A. Type I
• B. Type II
• C. Type III
• D. Type IV
Answer: A
Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and involves an immediate allergic
reaction following exposure to an allergen.
7. Which clinical finding is a hallmark of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
• A. Osteophyte formation
• B. Uric acid crystals in joints
, • C. Increased intraocular pressure
• D. Malar rash (butterfly rash)
Answer: D
Explanation: The malar rash, or butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose, is a
classic clinical manifestation of SLE.
8. What is the primary characteristic of malignant tumors compared to benign
tumors?
• A. Well-differentiated cells
• B. Ability to metastasize
• C. Presence of a capsule
• D. Slow growth rate
Answer: B
Explanation: Malignant tumors are characterized by rapid growth, lack of differentiation
(anaplasia), and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites.
9. Which hormone is responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the distal
tubule and collecting duct of the kidney?
• A. Aldosterone
• B. Atrial natriuretic peptide
• C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• D. Renin
Questions and Answers and Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which of the following cellular adaptations involves a decrease in cell size?
• A. Hypertrophy
• B. Metaplasia
• C. Hyperplasia
• D. Atrophy
Answer: D
Explanation: Atrophy is the decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. If it occurs in a sufficient
number of cells, the entire organ shrinks or atrophies.
2. What is the primary mechanism of cell injury in most cases of myocardial
infarction?
• A. Chemical injury
• B. Physical injury
• C. Infection
• D. Hypoxia
Answer: D
Explanation: Hypoxia, or lack of sufficient oxygen, is the single most common cause of
cellular injury, leading to ischemia and potentially infarction.
,3. In the fluid and electrolyte balance, which force favors the movement of
water from the capillaries into the interstitial space?
• A. Intracellular osmotic pressure
• B. Plasma oncotic pressure
• C. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
• D. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Answer: D
Explanation: Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) facilitates the outward
movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with a peaked T-
wave on an ECG?
• A. Hypokalemia
• B. Hyperkalemia
• C. Hypercalcemia
• D. Hyponatremia
Answer: B
Explanation: Hyperkalemia (high serum potassium) causes narrow and peaked T-waves,
which is a critical finding for cardiac stability.
,5. What is the compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?
• A. Hyperventilation to decrease CO2
• B. Renal excretion of bicarbonate
• C. Hypoventilation to increase CO2
• D. Decreased renal acid secretion
Answer: A
Explanation: To compensate for metabolic acidosis, the respiratory system increases the
rate and depth of breathing (Kussmaul respirations) to blow off carbon dioxide.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves mast
cell degranulation?
• A. Type I
• B. Type II
• C. Type III
• D. Type IV
Answer: A
Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and involves an immediate allergic
reaction following exposure to an allergen.
7. Which clinical finding is a hallmark of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
• A. Osteophyte formation
• B. Uric acid crystals in joints
, • C. Increased intraocular pressure
• D. Malar rash (butterfly rash)
Answer: D
Explanation: The malar rash, or butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose, is a
classic clinical manifestation of SLE.
8. What is the primary characteristic of malignant tumors compared to benign
tumors?
• A. Well-differentiated cells
• B. Ability to metastasize
• C. Presence of a capsule
• D. Slow growth rate
Answer: B
Explanation: Malignant tumors are characterized by rapid growth, lack of differentiation
(anaplasia), and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites.
9. Which hormone is responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the distal
tubule and collecting duct of the kidney?
• A. Aldosterone
• B. Atrial natriuretic peptide
• C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• D. Renin
