NURSING 108 MIDTERM COMPLETE PAPER
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
⫸ Differentiate the different categories of surgical procedures Answer:
1. Emergent
~Immediate attention/without delay
~Potentially life threatening
2. Urgent
~Requires prompt attention
~Within 24-30hrs
3. Required
~Surgery is needed within a few weeks or month
4. Elective
~Surgery should be performed
5. Optional
~Patient decides
******
Ambulatory surgery: outpatient, same-day, short-stay
,~Nurse quickly assesses patient and prepares for discharge/follow up
care
⫸ Identify the teaching need for the use of postoperative pain
medications Answer: 1. Opioid analgesic agents:
~Commonly prescribed for pain and immediate postoperative
restlessness
~Taken on a schedule (ex: Q6hrs)
2. PCA pumps:
~Pt can push a button every hour to administer pain meds
~Maintains therapeutic drug levels
3. Epidural infusions:
~Used with caution in chest procedures (may affect respiration)
**For all postop pain meds, advise the patient to stand up slowly and
walk with someone to prevent falls (pt may experience dizziness)
⫸ Identify the client safety precautions in the preoperative area Answer:
1. Have all pts in a hospital gown
2. Remove jewelry/any metal
3. Tie all long hair back
4. Remove dentures/plates, glasses, any prosthetic devices
5. Have all pts void before going to the OR
,6. If preanesthetic medication is given, raise all side rails and prevent
patient from standing/walking alone
7. Assess for medication reactions
8. Assist in verifying patient ID, surgical procedure, and surgical site
**#1: prevent patient from injury!!
⫸ Identify the gerontologic considerations related to surgery Answer:
~Decreased perspiration leads to dry itchy skin that can become fragile.
Health care providers need to take precautions when moving an older
adult. ~Decreased subcutaneous fat makes older adults more susceptible
to temperature changes. Pt may c/o feeling cold
The elderly have...
~Less physiologic reserve (the ability for an organ to return to normal
after a disturbance)
~Lower cardiac reserves
~Depressed renal and hepatic function
~Reduced GI function
**All of these play a role in how the elderly remain stable throughout
surgery and recovery
⫸ Identify the nursing considerations related to a surgical client who is
NPO Answer: Food/drinking fluids are usually withheld to prevent
aspiration during and after surgery
, ~Normally, restrictions begin 12-24hrs before surgery
~Now, some healthy patients/depending on the procedure, clear liquids
are allowed up to 2hrs before surgery
~If the patient is NPO, they usually are still allowed a sip of water to
take w/ oral meds
⫸ Differentiate the post op assessment findings associated with shock
Answer: Types of shock:
1. Hypovolemic (most common)
~S&S= pallor, cool, moist skin, rapid breathing, cyanosis of the
lips/gums/tongue, rapid/weak pulse, narrowing pulse pressure, low
BP**, concentrated urine
*Primary intervention= volume replacement
2. Cardiogenic
~Heart is unable to pump enough oxygen rich blood to the body organs
3. Neurogenic
~State resulting from loss of sympathetic tone causing hypovolemia
4. Anaphylactic
~Allergic reaction causing acute system vasodilation and hypovolemia
5. Septic
~Subset of sepsis
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
⫸ Differentiate the different categories of surgical procedures Answer:
1. Emergent
~Immediate attention/without delay
~Potentially life threatening
2. Urgent
~Requires prompt attention
~Within 24-30hrs
3. Required
~Surgery is needed within a few weeks or month
4. Elective
~Surgery should be performed
5. Optional
~Patient decides
******
Ambulatory surgery: outpatient, same-day, short-stay
,~Nurse quickly assesses patient and prepares for discharge/follow up
care
⫸ Identify the teaching need for the use of postoperative pain
medications Answer: 1. Opioid analgesic agents:
~Commonly prescribed for pain and immediate postoperative
restlessness
~Taken on a schedule (ex: Q6hrs)
2. PCA pumps:
~Pt can push a button every hour to administer pain meds
~Maintains therapeutic drug levels
3. Epidural infusions:
~Used with caution in chest procedures (may affect respiration)
**For all postop pain meds, advise the patient to stand up slowly and
walk with someone to prevent falls (pt may experience dizziness)
⫸ Identify the client safety precautions in the preoperative area Answer:
1. Have all pts in a hospital gown
2. Remove jewelry/any metal
3. Tie all long hair back
4. Remove dentures/plates, glasses, any prosthetic devices
5. Have all pts void before going to the OR
,6. If preanesthetic medication is given, raise all side rails and prevent
patient from standing/walking alone
7. Assess for medication reactions
8. Assist in verifying patient ID, surgical procedure, and surgical site
**#1: prevent patient from injury!!
⫸ Identify the gerontologic considerations related to surgery Answer:
~Decreased perspiration leads to dry itchy skin that can become fragile.
Health care providers need to take precautions when moving an older
adult. ~Decreased subcutaneous fat makes older adults more susceptible
to temperature changes. Pt may c/o feeling cold
The elderly have...
~Less physiologic reserve (the ability for an organ to return to normal
after a disturbance)
~Lower cardiac reserves
~Depressed renal and hepatic function
~Reduced GI function
**All of these play a role in how the elderly remain stable throughout
surgery and recovery
⫸ Identify the nursing considerations related to a surgical client who is
NPO Answer: Food/drinking fluids are usually withheld to prevent
aspiration during and after surgery
, ~Normally, restrictions begin 12-24hrs before surgery
~Now, some healthy patients/depending on the procedure, clear liquids
are allowed up to 2hrs before surgery
~If the patient is NPO, they usually are still allowed a sip of water to
take w/ oral meds
⫸ Differentiate the post op assessment findings associated with shock
Answer: Types of shock:
1. Hypovolemic (most common)
~S&S= pallor, cool, moist skin, rapid breathing, cyanosis of the
lips/gums/tongue, rapid/weak pulse, narrowing pulse pressure, low
BP**, concentrated urine
*Primary intervention= volume replacement
2. Cardiogenic
~Heart is unable to pump enough oxygen rich blood to the body organs
3. Neurogenic
~State resulting from loss of sympathetic tone causing hypovolemia
4. Anaphylactic
~Allergic reaction causing acute system vasodilation and hypovolemia
5. Septic
~Subset of sepsis
