Maternity Exam 1: A&P Human Reproductive Development: Genes,
Chromosomes, Sex Determination, Male and Female Pubertal Changes,
Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics, Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis,
Gonadal Hormones, Menarche, Amenorrhea, Ovarian and Uterine Cycles,
Follicular, Ovulatory, Luteal Phases, Cervical Mucus and Spinnbarkeit,
Fertility Decline, Menopause, Testicular Function, Scrotal Thermoregulation,
Cremaster Reflex, Breast Development, Lactogenesis, Placental Hormonal
Influence, Vagina, Bartholin Glands, Uterus Layers, Fallopian Tubes, Ovarian
Hormones, Contraception and Conception, Pregnancy Physiological
Adaptations Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+
Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Genes
Basic functional unit of heredity.
46 chromosomes
(22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome from each parent).
Genetic _____ is determined at conception.
sex
Reproductive systems of males and females are similar for the first _______ weeks.
6
Differentiation of the external genitalia is complete at about ______ weeks.
12
,Sex glands are _________ during infancy and childhood.
inactive
The hypothalamus stimulates which gland in the brain to affect the gonads, producing hormones at
sexual maturity?
Anterior pituitary gland
Primary sex characteristics
Maturation of ova in the ovaries and production of sperm in the testes.
Secondary sex characteristics
Breast development
Pubic/axillary hair
Voice change
Muscle mass
Facial hair
What changes occur in the female during puberty?
Breast changes (nipples enlarge, areola enlarge, fat deposits form).
Body contours (pelvis widens, fat deposits form in hips).
Body hair (pubic and axillary).
,Skeletal growth (taller r/t estrogen).
Reproductive organs (external genitalia, vagina, fallopian tubes, & ovaries enlarge).
Menarche (1st cycle irregular, scant. Ovulation with 1st cycle possible).
Conception prior to 1st cycle is possible.
Primary Amenorrhea
Delayed onset none within 2 years of breast development.
None by age 16.
None by 1 year older than mother/sister start of menarche.
Secondary Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation for 3 cycles after regular cycles established for 6 months.
What group of women is amenorrhea common in?
Athletes, underweight women, or women with eating disorders.
What changes occur in males during puberty?
Development of testes and penis.
Nocturnal emissions.
Body hair.
Body composition (increased muscle mass).
, Skeletal growth (shoulders broaden, pelvis increased upright, narrowed diameter, heavier composition).
Voice changes (deeper).
When does female fertility decline?
Decreases during climacteric (transitional period extends through menopause).
Between the ages of 40 - 50.
Hormone production declines.
Reproductive organs atrophy.
Menopause- Final menstrual period.
When does male fertility decline?
No distinct marker event in males.
Late 40s and 50s testosterone & sperm decrease.
External Female Reproductive Organs
Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Chromosomes, Sex Determination, Male and Female Pubertal Changes,
Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics, Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis,
Gonadal Hormones, Menarche, Amenorrhea, Ovarian and Uterine Cycles,
Follicular, Ovulatory, Luteal Phases, Cervical Mucus and Spinnbarkeit,
Fertility Decline, Menopause, Testicular Function, Scrotal Thermoregulation,
Cremaster Reflex, Breast Development, Lactogenesis, Placental Hormonal
Influence, Vagina, Bartholin Glands, Uterus Layers, Fallopian Tubes, Ovarian
Hormones, Contraception and Conception, Pregnancy Physiological
Adaptations Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+
Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Genes
Basic functional unit of heredity.
46 chromosomes
(22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome from each parent).
Genetic _____ is determined at conception.
sex
Reproductive systems of males and females are similar for the first _______ weeks.
6
Differentiation of the external genitalia is complete at about ______ weeks.
12
,Sex glands are _________ during infancy and childhood.
inactive
The hypothalamus stimulates which gland in the brain to affect the gonads, producing hormones at
sexual maturity?
Anterior pituitary gland
Primary sex characteristics
Maturation of ova in the ovaries and production of sperm in the testes.
Secondary sex characteristics
Breast development
Pubic/axillary hair
Voice change
Muscle mass
Facial hair
What changes occur in the female during puberty?
Breast changes (nipples enlarge, areola enlarge, fat deposits form).
Body contours (pelvis widens, fat deposits form in hips).
Body hair (pubic and axillary).
,Skeletal growth (taller r/t estrogen).
Reproductive organs (external genitalia, vagina, fallopian tubes, & ovaries enlarge).
Menarche (1st cycle irregular, scant. Ovulation with 1st cycle possible).
Conception prior to 1st cycle is possible.
Primary Amenorrhea
Delayed onset none within 2 years of breast development.
None by age 16.
None by 1 year older than mother/sister start of menarche.
Secondary Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation for 3 cycles after regular cycles established for 6 months.
What group of women is amenorrhea common in?
Athletes, underweight women, or women with eating disorders.
What changes occur in males during puberty?
Development of testes and penis.
Nocturnal emissions.
Body hair.
Body composition (increased muscle mass).
, Skeletal growth (shoulders broaden, pelvis increased upright, narrowed diameter, heavier composition).
Voice changes (deeper).
When does female fertility decline?
Decreases during climacteric (transitional period extends through menopause).
Between the ages of 40 - 50.
Hormone production declines.
Reproductive organs atrophy.
Menopause- Final menstrual period.
When does male fertility decline?
No distinct marker event in males.
Late 40s and 50s testosterone & sperm decrease.
External Female Reproductive Organs
Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
