MS3 Clinical Examination on Human Genetics, Genomic Variations, Single Gene
Disorders, Multifactorial Inheritance, Chromosomal Abnormalities,
Pharmacogenomics, Immunoglobulins, Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity,
Innate and Acquired Immunity, T and B Lymphocytes, NK Cells, Cytokines,
Prenatal Screening, First and Second Trimester Testing, Ultrasound Imaging,
Nuchal Translucency, Chorionic Villus Sampling, Amniocentesis, Percutaneous
Umbilical Blood Sampling, Fetal Lung Maturity, Nonstress Test, Contraction
Stress Test, Biophysical Profile, Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, Ectopic
Pregnancy, Placenta Previa, Placental Abruption, Spontaneous and Induced
Abortion, Menstrual Disorders, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Menopause, Lower
Genital Tract Infections, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Fibroids, Endometriosis,
Adenomyosis, Adnexal Masses, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, and Female Reproductive
System Cancers Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+
Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Which of the following immunoglobulins cause symptoms of allergic reactions?
a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgE
d. IgD
c. IgE
Fixes to mast cells and basophils.
Assists in defense against parasitic infections.
,Gene
Basic unit for heredity
Allele
Alternative form of a gene.
When there are 2 different alleles, the allele that is fully expressed is the dominant allele.
The allele that lacks the ability to express itself is the recessive allele.
Genotype.
Phenotype.
Chromosome
22 pairs are homologous.
23rd pair is the sex chromosome.
Mutation
Any change in the usual. DNA sequence
Comparable to a spelling error in a gene’s sequence.
Can result in disease or increased risk for disease.
Subtle changes are called polymorphisms.
Genotype
,The genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Germline Mutations
Passed from parent to child.
Acquired (Somatic) Mutations
Not passed on to next generation.
A mistake occurs in DNA replication with cell division or-
Cell is altered by environmental factors.
Autosomal Dominant
Caused by a mutation of a single gene pair (heterozygous) on a chromosome.
- Dominant allele (alternate form) prevails over the normal allele.
- Variable expression.
What are some autosomal dominant disorders?
Breast and ovarian cancer r/t BRCA gene.
Familial hypercholesterolemia.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.
, Huntington’s disease.
Autosomal Recessive
Caused by a mutation of two gene pairs on a chromosome.
One copy inherited = does not develop the disease (normal allele prevails over the recessive allele) but is
a carrier.
Children = 25% affected; 50% carriers.
What are some autosomal recessive disorders?
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell disease
X-Linked Recessive
Mutation of the X chromosome.
Mostly affects males.
Why does an x-linked recessive disorder mainly affect males?
If a mutated x gene is passed to a male, there is only a y to compensate, therefore the gene will be
present. If a mutate x gene is passed to a female, there is another x chromosome to compensate.
Disorders, Multifactorial Inheritance, Chromosomal Abnormalities,
Pharmacogenomics, Immunoglobulins, Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity,
Innate and Acquired Immunity, T and B Lymphocytes, NK Cells, Cytokines,
Prenatal Screening, First and Second Trimester Testing, Ultrasound Imaging,
Nuchal Translucency, Chorionic Villus Sampling, Amniocentesis, Percutaneous
Umbilical Blood Sampling, Fetal Lung Maturity, Nonstress Test, Contraction
Stress Test, Biophysical Profile, Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, Ectopic
Pregnancy, Placenta Previa, Placental Abruption, Spontaneous and Induced
Abortion, Menstrual Disorders, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Menopause, Lower
Genital Tract Infections, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Fibroids, Endometriosis,
Adenomyosis, Adnexal Masses, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, and Female Reproductive
System Cancers Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+
Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Which of the following immunoglobulins cause symptoms of allergic reactions?
a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgE
d. IgD
c. IgE
Fixes to mast cells and basophils.
Assists in defense against parasitic infections.
,Gene
Basic unit for heredity
Allele
Alternative form of a gene.
When there are 2 different alleles, the allele that is fully expressed is the dominant allele.
The allele that lacks the ability to express itself is the recessive allele.
Genotype.
Phenotype.
Chromosome
22 pairs are homologous.
23rd pair is the sex chromosome.
Mutation
Any change in the usual. DNA sequence
Comparable to a spelling error in a gene’s sequence.
Can result in disease or increased risk for disease.
Subtle changes are called polymorphisms.
Genotype
,The genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Germline Mutations
Passed from parent to child.
Acquired (Somatic) Mutations
Not passed on to next generation.
A mistake occurs in DNA replication with cell division or-
Cell is altered by environmental factors.
Autosomal Dominant
Caused by a mutation of a single gene pair (heterozygous) on a chromosome.
- Dominant allele (alternate form) prevails over the normal allele.
- Variable expression.
What are some autosomal dominant disorders?
Breast and ovarian cancer r/t BRCA gene.
Familial hypercholesterolemia.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.
, Huntington’s disease.
Autosomal Recessive
Caused by a mutation of two gene pairs on a chromosome.
One copy inherited = does not develop the disease (normal allele prevails over the recessive allele) but is
a carrier.
Children = 25% affected; 50% carriers.
What are some autosomal recessive disorders?
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell disease
X-Linked Recessive
Mutation of the X chromosome.
Mostly affects males.
Why does an x-linked recessive disorder mainly affect males?
If a mutated x gene is passed to a male, there is only a y to compensate, therefore the gene will be
present. If a mutate x gene is passed to a female, there is another x chromosome to compensate.
