AP2 Unit 2 Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, Preload, Afterload, Contractility, SA Node, Pacemaker Potential, Autorhythmic Cells, Contractile Cells, Action Potential, EDV, ESV, Pulse Pressure, MAP, Arterioles, Elastic Arteries, Veins, Venous Return, Barorece

AP2 Unit 2 Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, Preload, Afterload, Contractility, SA Node, Pacemaker Potential, Autorhythmic Cells, Contractile Cells, Action Potential, EDV, ESV, Pulse Pressure, MAP, Arterioles, Elastic Arteries, Veins, Venous Return, Baroreceptors, RAAS, Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, ADH, ANP, Nitric Oxide, Myogenic & Metabolic Regulation, Capillary Exchange, Hydrostatic Pressure, Osmotic Pressure, Net Filtration Pressure, Lymphatic Capillaries, Lacteals, Spleen, Lymph Nodes Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 what factors effect stroke volume preload, contractility, afterload cardiac output heart rate x stroke volume Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure. (HPc + OPif) - (OPc + HPif)= NFP Right coronary artery divides into right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery left coronary artery divides into anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries Autorhythmic cells (pacemakers) action potential steps in order k+ channel closes & funny channel (Na+) opens at -60mV. funny channel closes & t-type Ca2+ open at -50mV, threshold -40mV = t-type Ca2+ closes and l-type Ca2+ opens which causes depolarization and firing of AP. l-type Ca2+ closes at peak & k+ channel opens for efflux causing repolarization is pacemaker potential a slow or rapid depolarization slow normal rate of AP per minute in SA node 70 resting membrane potential of contractile cells of heart -90mV threshold for autorhythmic cells/ pacemaker cells -40mV threshold for contractile cells -70mV what ion causes the main depolarization in autorhythmic cell action potentials Ca2+ through l-type channels what ion causes the main depolarization in contractile cell action potentials in heart Na+ through fast voltage-gated Na+ channels what ion causes the plateau phase in cardiac contractile cell action potential Ca2+ influx through slow l-type v- gated Ca2+ channels balanced with K+ efflux through t-type K+ v-gated channels. EDV - ESV = (end diastolic volume) - (end systolic volume) SV (stroke volume) volume of blood pumped per beat Flow is directly proportional to pressure gradient Flow is indirectly proportional to resistance of blood vessels