NUR 128 REVIEW TEST 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
▶ A patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) . Answer: will have a laboratory
finding of low urine specific gravity
▶ Multiple Sclerosis (MS) . Answer: destruction of the myelin sheath on
neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard)
tissue; is a disorder involving the demyelination of CNS nerve fibers
(central component of the pathological model)
▶ Alzheimer's . Answer: is the development of neurofibrillary tangles in the
CNS
▶ Antiepileptic Agents:
Seizures . Answer: Roughly 10% of the US population may experience at
least one seizure during their lifetime
▶ Epilepsy . Answer: chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent
seizure activity; is the third most common neurological disorder (after
cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease).
▶ There are several mechanisms involved in seizure activity . Answer: but
all have swift, excessive and synchronous discharge of cerebral neurons
▶ Generalized seizure types . Answer: include tonic-clonic (grand mal),
absence (petit mal), clonic, myoclonic, tonic, and atonic; there is loss of
consciousness and no memory of the event
▶ Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) . Answer: reduce seizure activity by reducing
sodium and/or calcium influx into brain cells, increasing the inhibitory
gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) activity, enhancing the influx of chloride,
and interfering with excitatory glutamate transmission
▶ Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) . Answer: suppress seizure activity; they do
not cure epilepsy
, ▶ Phenytoin (Dilantin) . Answer: Anticonvulsants 10-20 mcg/mL; is highly
plasma protein bound, and serum levels should be interpreted according to
the patient's serum albumin level
▶ Antiepileptic agents . Answer: have many drug interactions, are
therapeutically monitored by measuring blood levels, and are not totally
safe to use in a pregnant patient
▶ Infectious Diseases:
Beta-lactam antibiotics . Answer: penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems
and other beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and
integrity.
▶ Antibiotics inhibit . Answer: Tetracycline, macrolide, azalide and
aminoglycoside antibiotics inhibit specific bacterial proteins
▶ Empiric antimicrobial therapy . Answer: is based on the patient's history
and the site of infection when susceptibility data are not available
▶ The primary cause of antimicrobial resistance . Answer: is the
indiscriminate use of antibiotic agents
▶ Cross-resistance . Answer: Phenomenon in which resistance to one
antimicrobial drug confers resistance to similar drugs; as seen with
penicillin and cephalosporin drugs, can occur because both antibiotic
classes have a beta-lactam ring that the enzyme beta-lactamase from an
organism can attack and destroy, rendering the antibiotic ineffective vs the
organism.
▶ Antibiograms . Answer: are charts of local antimicrobial resistance
patterns developed by local laboratories that record the susceptibility or
organisms encountered clinically
▶ Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) . Answer: a highly resistant bacteria that
affects the intestinal tract; is the organism producing a toxin that causes
antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis (AAPMC). This type of
diarrhea occurs often with clindamycin use.
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
▶ A patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) . Answer: will have a laboratory
finding of low urine specific gravity
▶ Multiple Sclerosis (MS) . Answer: destruction of the myelin sheath on
neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard)
tissue; is a disorder involving the demyelination of CNS nerve fibers
(central component of the pathological model)
▶ Alzheimer's . Answer: is the development of neurofibrillary tangles in the
CNS
▶ Antiepileptic Agents:
Seizures . Answer: Roughly 10% of the US population may experience at
least one seizure during their lifetime
▶ Epilepsy . Answer: chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent
seizure activity; is the third most common neurological disorder (after
cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease).
▶ There are several mechanisms involved in seizure activity . Answer: but
all have swift, excessive and synchronous discharge of cerebral neurons
▶ Generalized seizure types . Answer: include tonic-clonic (grand mal),
absence (petit mal), clonic, myoclonic, tonic, and atonic; there is loss of
consciousness and no memory of the event
▶ Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) . Answer: reduce seizure activity by reducing
sodium and/or calcium influx into brain cells, increasing the inhibitory
gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) activity, enhancing the influx of chloride,
and interfering with excitatory glutamate transmission
▶ Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) . Answer: suppress seizure activity; they do
not cure epilepsy
, ▶ Phenytoin (Dilantin) . Answer: Anticonvulsants 10-20 mcg/mL; is highly
plasma protein bound, and serum levels should be interpreted according to
the patient's serum albumin level
▶ Antiepileptic agents . Answer: have many drug interactions, are
therapeutically monitored by measuring blood levels, and are not totally
safe to use in a pregnant patient
▶ Infectious Diseases:
Beta-lactam antibiotics . Answer: penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems
and other beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and
integrity.
▶ Antibiotics inhibit . Answer: Tetracycline, macrolide, azalide and
aminoglycoside antibiotics inhibit specific bacterial proteins
▶ Empiric antimicrobial therapy . Answer: is based on the patient's history
and the site of infection when susceptibility data are not available
▶ The primary cause of antimicrobial resistance . Answer: is the
indiscriminate use of antibiotic agents
▶ Cross-resistance . Answer: Phenomenon in which resistance to one
antimicrobial drug confers resistance to similar drugs; as seen with
penicillin and cephalosporin drugs, can occur because both antibiotic
classes have a beta-lactam ring that the enzyme beta-lactamase from an
organism can attack and destroy, rendering the antibiotic ineffective vs the
organism.
▶ Antibiograms . Answer: are charts of local antimicrobial resistance
patterns developed by local laboratories that record the susceptibility or
organisms encountered clinically
▶ Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) . Answer: a highly resistant bacteria that
affects the intestinal tract; is the organism producing a toxin that causes
antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis (AAPMC). This type of
diarrhea occurs often with clindamycin use.
