(Foundations of Corrections Final Exam Review- 2026.)
Parole
The conditional release of an offender from incarceration under supervision after part of the prison sentence has been
served.
Where did the idea of parole originate from?
Ireland
What are the five mechanisms for release?
1. Discretionary Release
2. Mandatory Release
3. Probation Release
4. Other Conditional Release
5. Expiration Release
What is discretionary release?
The release of an inmate from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the
boundaries set by the sentence and the penal law.
What does discretionary release focus on?
1. Nature of the Offense
2. Inmate's Behavior
3. Inmate's Participation in Rehabilitation
What is mandatory release?
The required release of an inmate from incarceration to community supervision on the expiration of a certain period,
as stipulated by a determinate-sentencing law or parole guideline.
What is probation release?
The release of an inmate from incarceration to probation supervision, as required by the sentencing judge.
What is expiration release?
The release of an inmate from incarceration without any further correctional supervision.
What is a consolidated versus autonomous parole board?
Consolidated parole boards are organized within a department. Autonomous parole boards are independent agencies.
What is a full-time versus part-time parole board?
Full-time parole boards are made up of criminal justice professionals. Part-time parole boards are thought to
represent the community better.
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, (Foundations of Corrections Final Exam Review- 2026.)
Appointment
May be appointed by the governor or by the head of the corrections department.
What is the goal of discretionary release?
It is designed to allow the parole board to release inmates to supervision in communities where they are deemed
"ready" to live as law abiding citizens.
What is post release shock?
The outside world can be perceived as a shock after an inmate is released from prison for multiple years.
What is reintegration failure?
Offenders are expected to transition from highly structured, authoritarian prison life to the real world with little to no
help. Social and psychological overload sends many parolees back into prison.
What are the two reasons in which parole can be revoked?
1. Committing a new crime.
2. Violating the conditions of parole.
What are the two ways in which the revocation procedure occurs?
1. Parole Board
2. Administrative Law Judge
What is the two stage process of the parole board?
1. Probable cause of the violation.
2. Is the violation sever enough to warrant return to prison?
What is the two stage process of the Administrative Law Judge?
1. Clear and convincing evidence of violation.
2. Is revocation appropriate?
What are the four adjustment supports necessary for successful re-entry?
1. Controlling Substance Abuse
2. Employment
3. Community Support System
4. Regaining Sense of Self
Delinquent
A child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be criminal.
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, (Foundations of Corrections Final Exam Review- 2026.)
Neglected
A child who is not receiving care because of some action or inaction of his/her parents.
Dependent
A child who has no parents or guardians or whose parents are unable to give proper care.
What was the result of the US Supreme Court Case 'In Re Gault (1967)'?
Juveniles accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be given the same due process rights as adults.
What was the result of the 'Roper v. Simmons (2005)' case?
The death penalty is illegal for anyone who commits a crime under the age of 18.
What are the three dispositions of juvenile offenders?
1. Waiver into adult court.
2. Diversion
3. Adjudication
What is waiver into adult court?
The transfer of the case into adult court.
What is diversion?
Conceptual opposite of a waiver. The juvenile is kept at the social worker level and handled informally without
formal delinquency being filed.
What is adjudication?
1. Juvenile court receives a case.
2. The facts of the case are heard or the juvenile enters a plea.
3. The juvenile becomes an adjudicated delinquent.
What is juvenile supervision/probation?
The adjudicated juvenile delinquent is placed on probation and released to custody of parents or guardians.
What is juvenile detention?
Detention of a juvenile while a case is pending. Median stay is just over two weeks.
Solitary Confinement
The state of being isolated in a prison cell away from other prisoners.
Page 3 3/7/2026, 1:11:50 AM
Parole
The conditional release of an offender from incarceration under supervision after part of the prison sentence has been
served.
Where did the idea of parole originate from?
Ireland
What are the five mechanisms for release?
1. Discretionary Release
2. Mandatory Release
3. Probation Release
4. Other Conditional Release
5. Expiration Release
What is discretionary release?
The release of an inmate from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the
boundaries set by the sentence and the penal law.
What does discretionary release focus on?
1. Nature of the Offense
2. Inmate's Behavior
3. Inmate's Participation in Rehabilitation
What is mandatory release?
The required release of an inmate from incarceration to community supervision on the expiration of a certain period,
as stipulated by a determinate-sentencing law or parole guideline.
What is probation release?
The release of an inmate from incarceration to probation supervision, as required by the sentencing judge.
What is expiration release?
The release of an inmate from incarceration without any further correctional supervision.
What is a consolidated versus autonomous parole board?
Consolidated parole boards are organized within a department. Autonomous parole boards are independent agencies.
What is a full-time versus part-time parole board?
Full-time parole boards are made up of criminal justice professionals. Part-time parole boards are thought to
represent the community better.
Page 1 3/7/2026, 1:11:50 AM
, (Foundations of Corrections Final Exam Review- 2026.)
Appointment
May be appointed by the governor or by the head of the corrections department.
What is the goal of discretionary release?
It is designed to allow the parole board to release inmates to supervision in communities where they are deemed
"ready" to live as law abiding citizens.
What is post release shock?
The outside world can be perceived as a shock after an inmate is released from prison for multiple years.
What is reintegration failure?
Offenders are expected to transition from highly structured, authoritarian prison life to the real world with little to no
help. Social and psychological overload sends many parolees back into prison.
What are the two reasons in which parole can be revoked?
1. Committing a new crime.
2. Violating the conditions of parole.
What are the two ways in which the revocation procedure occurs?
1. Parole Board
2. Administrative Law Judge
What is the two stage process of the parole board?
1. Probable cause of the violation.
2. Is the violation sever enough to warrant return to prison?
What is the two stage process of the Administrative Law Judge?
1. Clear and convincing evidence of violation.
2. Is revocation appropriate?
What are the four adjustment supports necessary for successful re-entry?
1. Controlling Substance Abuse
2. Employment
3. Community Support System
4. Regaining Sense of Self
Delinquent
A child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be criminal.
Page 2 3/7/2026, 1:11:50 AM
, (Foundations of Corrections Final Exam Review- 2026.)
Neglected
A child who is not receiving care because of some action or inaction of his/her parents.
Dependent
A child who has no parents or guardians or whose parents are unable to give proper care.
What was the result of the US Supreme Court Case 'In Re Gault (1967)'?
Juveniles accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be given the same due process rights as adults.
What was the result of the 'Roper v. Simmons (2005)' case?
The death penalty is illegal for anyone who commits a crime under the age of 18.
What are the three dispositions of juvenile offenders?
1. Waiver into adult court.
2. Diversion
3. Adjudication
What is waiver into adult court?
The transfer of the case into adult court.
What is diversion?
Conceptual opposite of a waiver. The juvenile is kept at the social worker level and handled informally without
formal delinquency being filed.
What is adjudication?
1. Juvenile court receives a case.
2. The facts of the case are heard or the juvenile enters a plea.
3. The juvenile becomes an adjudicated delinquent.
What is juvenile supervision/probation?
The adjudicated juvenile delinquent is placed on probation and released to custody of parents or guardians.
What is juvenile detention?
Detention of a juvenile while a case is pending. Median stay is just over two weeks.
Solitary Confinement
The state of being isolated in a prison cell away from other prisoners.
Page 3 3/7/2026, 1:11:50 AM
