PP 3: CANCER: EPIDEMIOLOGY, MOLECULAR
HALLMARKS OF CANCER, GENE DYSREGULATION,
CARCINOGENS, BASIC CLINICAL FEATURES| TOP SCORES
MADE SIMPLE | TRUSTED TEST SOLUTIONS!
where does cancer rank in cause of death in US? Answer: 2nd leading cause of death
US residents have what chance of dying from cancer? Answer: 1 in 5
true or false: mortality rates have been declining since 1990 Answer: true
what is the statistic of men and women getting diagnosed with cancer at some point in
their lifetime? Answer: 1 in 2 men
1 in 3 women
does age play a role in cancer? Answer: yes in most cancers
accumulation of mutations, decreased immunosurveillance
does environmental factors play a role in cancer? Answer: yes
What are the cancer type incidence in men and women? Answer: men: prostate, lung,
colorectal
women: breast, lung, colorectal
what are the cancer type mortality in men and women? Answer: men: lung, prostate,
colorectal
women: lung, breast, pancreas
what are the factors to consider in epidemiology? Answer: 1) cumulative incidence/risk
2) cancers which can be easily screened tend to have higher incidence rates (detect
early tumors)
- if see an increased "survival" time, may just be a "lead-time bias"
What is cumulative incidence/risk? Answer: average probability of developing or dying
from cancer over a specified time period
- lifetime cumulative risk increases as longevity increases
environmental factors in cancer Answer: - tobacco: single largest cause in US
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, - alcohol consumption: abuse ↑ risk for oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver cancers
- diet: impact of specific foods is controversial
- obesity/physical inactivity: increased cancer death rate
- infectious agents: HPV, HCV, EBV, HIV, H. pylori
- environmental/occupational carcinogens: coal tar, asbestos, UV, chromium, cadmium,
beryllium
- reproductive history: lifelong exposure to estrogen affects risk for breast and
endometrial cancers
What is the strongest link in diet causing cancer? Answer: low folic acid and increased
red/processed meat are associated with colon cancer
lung cancer causes... Answer: largest number of deaths worldwide
breast cancer is... Answer: highest incident cancer in women worldwide
what are the risk factors for breast cancer in Western countries? Answer: screening,
delayed childbearing, obesity, lack of exercise, hormone use
prostate cancer is.. Answer: 2nd most commonly diagnosed cancer in med worldwide
3/4 of cases in developed countries
partially due to PSA screening
colon caner is... Answer: higher in developed countries
risk factors for colon cancer Answer: obesity, lack of physical activity, high
red/processed meat, smoking, alcohol
what are the acquired predisposing conditions for cancer? Answer: 1) chronic
inflammation
2) precursor lesions
3) immunodeficiency states
how does chronic inflammation predispose conditions for cancer? Answer: - injury, with
elevated proliferation to repair
- ↑ROS, inflammatory mediators that promote survival
how does precursor lesions predispose conditions for cancer? Answer: do not always
progress to cancer, but can sometimes be found during screening and removed
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
HALLMARKS OF CANCER, GENE DYSREGULATION,
CARCINOGENS, BASIC CLINICAL FEATURES| TOP SCORES
MADE SIMPLE | TRUSTED TEST SOLUTIONS!
where does cancer rank in cause of death in US? Answer: 2nd leading cause of death
US residents have what chance of dying from cancer? Answer: 1 in 5
true or false: mortality rates have been declining since 1990 Answer: true
what is the statistic of men and women getting diagnosed with cancer at some point in
their lifetime? Answer: 1 in 2 men
1 in 3 women
does age play a role in cancer? Answer: yes in most cancers
accumulation of mutations, decreased immunosurveillance
does environmental factors play a role in cancer? Answer: yes
What are the cancer type incidence in men and women? Answer: men: prostate, lung,
colorectal
women: breast, lung, colorectal
what are the cancer type mortality in men and women? Answer: men: lung, prostate,
colorectal
women: lung, breast, pancreas
what are the factors to consider in epidemiology? Answer: 1) cumulative incidence/risk
2) cancers which can be easily screened tend to have higher incidence rates (detect
early tumors)
- if see an increased "survival" time, may just be a "lead-time bias"
What is cumulative incidence/risk? Answer: average probability of developing or dying
from cancer over a specified time period
- lifetime cumulative risk increases as longevity increases
environmental factors in cancer Answer: - tobacco: single largest cause in US
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, - alcohol consumption: abuse ↑ risk for oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver cancers
- diet: impact of specific foods is controversial
- obesity/physical inactivity: increased cancer death rate
- infectious agents: HPV, HCV, EBV, HIV, H. pylori
- environmental/occupational carcinogens: coal tar, asbestos, UV, chromium, cadmium,
beryllium
- reproductive history: lifelong exposure to estrogen affects risk for breast and
endometrial cancers
What is the strongest link in diet causing cancer? Answer: low folic acid and increased
red/processed meat are associated with colon cancer
lung cancer causes... Answer: largest number of deaths worldwide
breast cancer is... Answer: highest incident cancer in women worldwide
what are the risk factors for breast cancer in Western countries? Answer: screening,
delayed childbearing, obesity, lack of exercise, hormone use
prostate cancer is.. Answer: 2nd most commonly diagnosed cancer in med worldwide
3/4 of cases in developed countries
partially due to PSA screening
colon caner is... Answer: higher in developed countries
risk factors for colon cancer Answer: obesity, lack of physical activity, high
red/processed meat, smoking, alcohol
what are the acquired predisposing conditions for cancer? Answer: 1) chronic
inflammation
2) precursor lesions
3) immunodeficiency states
how does chronic inflammation predispose conditions for cancer? Answer: - injury, with
elevated proliferation to repair
- ↑ROS, inflammatory mediators that promote survival
how does precursor lesions predispose conditions for cancer? Answer: do not always
progress to cancer, but can sometimes be found during screening and removed
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
