PP 1: INFLAMMATION| TOP SCORES MADE SIMPLE |
TRUSTED TEST SOLUTIONS!
what are the purposes for inflammation? Answer: remove damaged/necrotic tissues
remove foreign invaders
who are the players in inflammation? Answer: vessels
leukocytes (local and circulating)
plasma proteins (including antibodies, in some cases)
what do soluble mediators do in inflammation? Answer: initiate and amplify
inflammatory response
when does inflammation normally cease? Answer: when offending agent is eliminated
what ceases/activated when offending agent is eliminated? Answer: soluble mediators
broken down
leukocytes have short life spans in tissues
anti-inflammatory mechanisms are activated
what are the characteristics of acute inflammation? Answer: rapid onset (minutes)
short duration (hours-days)
characterized by edema, emigration of leukocytes (esp. neutrophils)
what are the characteristics of chronic inflammation? Answer: longer duration (days-
weeks or more)
characterized by presence of lymphocytes and macrophages
proliferation of blood vessels
fibrosis and tissue destruction
what are the stimuli for acute inflammation? Answer: infections - toll-like receptor TLR
engagement stimulates inflammatory mediators
tissue necrosis - due to ischemia, trauma, injury
foreign bodies - cause injury or carry microbes
1
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, hypersensitivity reactions - against self-antigens or excessive reactions against
environmental substances or microbes
what is the first line of defense in inflammatory reactions? Answer: ~1st hour
tissue resident cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system
example of 1st line of defense Answer: tissue macrophages that reside in tissues
around the body
what happens in 1st line of defense? Answer: grow larger and become mobile
not a large number of cells, but play a crucial role
what is the 2nd line of defense in inflammatory reactions? Answer: neutrophils
recruited from circulation
what happens in 2nd line of defense? Answer: first, neutrophils in circulation recruited
to site
then, stimulation of increased release of neutrophils from the bone marrow by cytokines,
which are then recruited
what is the 3rd line of defense in inflammatory reactions? Answer: monocytes recruited
from circulation
what happens in the 3rd line of defense? Answer: circulating monocytes from the blood
invade tissue and become macrophages
then stimulation of increased release from the storage pool of monocytes in the bone
marrow
what do monocytes that become macrophages develop? Answer: develop lysosomes
and swell - takes 8 hours or more
how long does it take for release of storage pool of monocytes to become effective?
Answer: takes days for it to become effective because pool of monocytes in bone
marrow is much smaller than the pool of neutrophils
later, become dominant phagocytic cells as bone marrow production of monocytes is
increased (4th line)
what is the 4th line of defense in inflammatory response? Answer: bone marrow
stimulates increased production of new neutrophils and monocytes within 3 to 4 days
recognition of microbes and dead tissues is the... Answer: first step in all inflammatory
reactions
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
TRUSTED TEST SOLUTIONS!
what are the purposes for inflammation? Answer: remove damaged/necrotic tissues
remove foreign invaders
who are the players in inflammation? Answer: vessels
leukocytes (local and circulating)
plasma proteins (including antibodies, in some cases)
what do soluble mediators do in inflammation? Answer: initiate and amplify
inflammatory response
when does inflammation normally cease? Answer: when offending agent is eliminated
what ceases/activated when offending agent is eliminated? Answer: soluble mediators
broken down
leukocytes have short life spans in tissues
anti-inflammatory mechanisms are activated
what are the characteristics of acute inflammation? Answer: rapid onset (minutes)
short duration (hours-days)
characterized by edema, emigration of leukocytes (esp. neutrophils)
what are the characteristics of chronic inflammation? Answer: longer duration (days-
weeks or more)
characterized by presence of lymphocytes and macrophages
proliferation of blood vessels
fibrosis and tissue destruction
what are the stimuli for acute inflammation? Answer: infections - toll-like receptor TLR
engagement stimulates inflammatory mediators
tissue necrosis - due to ischemia, trauma, injury
foreign bodies - cause injury or carry microbes
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, hypersensitivity reactions - against self-antigens or excessive reactions against
environmental substances or microbes
what is the first line of defense in inflammatory reactions? Answer: ~1st hour
tissue resident cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system
example of 1st line of defense Answer: tissue macrophages that reside in tissues
around the body
what happens in 1st line of defense? Answer: grow larger and become mobile
not a large number of cells, but play a crucial role
what is the 2nd line of defense in inflammatory reactions? Answer: neutrophils
recruited from circulation
what happens in 2nd line of defense? Answer: first, neutrophils in circulation recruited
to site
then, stimulation of increased release of neutrophils from the bone marrow by cytokines,
which are then recruited
what is the 3rd line of defense in inflammatory reactions? Answer: monocytes recruited
from circulation
what happens in the 3rd line of defense? Answer: circulating monocytes from the blood
invade tissue and become macrophages
then stimulation of increased release from the storage pool of monocytes in the bone
marrow
what do monocytes that become macrophages develop? Answer: develop lysosomes
and swell - takes 8 hours or more
how long does it take for release of storage pool of monocytes to become effective?
Answer: takes days for it to become effective because pool of monocytes in bone
marrow is much smaller than the pool of neutrophils
later, become dominant phagocytic cells as bone marrow production of monocytes is
increased (4th line)
what is the 4th line of defense in inflammatory response? Answer: bone marrow
stimulates increased production of new neutrophils and monocytes within 3 to 4 days
recognition of microbes and dead tissues is the... Answer: first step in all inflammatory
reactions
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
