NSG 5003 Cardiovascular (Ch31-33) Advanced Pathophysiology STUDY GUIDE VERIFIED CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED VERSION (GRADED A+)

Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? A) inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present B) hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery are present C) excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery are present D) evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery are present - Answer️Ans: A- inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present Which for of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasm of one or more coronary arteries? A) unstable B) stable C) silent D) prinzmetal - Answer️Ans: D- prinzmetal The pulsus paradoxes that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is caused by a dysfunction in which mechanism? A) diastolic filling pressure of the right ventricle and reduction of blood volume in both ventricles B) blood ejected from the right atrium and reduction of blood volume in the right ventricle C) blood ejected from the left atrium and reduction of blood volume in the left ventricle D) diastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers - Answer️Ans: D- diastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers Ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function, leading to dilated heart failure, characterize which form of cardiomyopathy? A) congestive B) hypertrophic C) septal D) dystrophic - Answer️Ans: A- congestive Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease usually causes which form of cardiomyopathy? A) infiltrative B) restrictive C) septal D) hypertrophic - Answer️Ans: B- restrictive In systolic heart failure, what effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have on stroke volume? A) increases preload and decreases afterload B) increases preload and increases afterload C) decreases preload and increases afterload D) decreases preload and decreases afterload - Answer️Ans: B- increases preload and increases afterload What is the cause of the dyspnea resulting from a thoracic aneurysm? A) pressure on surrounding organs B) poor oxygenation C) formation of atherosclerotic lesions D) impaired blood flow - Answer️Ans: A- pressure on surrounding organs Which statement is true concerning the cells' ability to synthesize cholesterol? A) cell production of cholesterol is affected by the aging process B) cells produce cholesterol only when dietary fat is low C) most body cells are capable of producing cholesterol D) most cholesterol produced by cells is converted to the low-density form - Answer️Ans: C- most body cells are capable of producing cholesterol What is the trigger for angina pectoris? A) atherosclerotic lesions B) hyperlipidemia C) myocardial necrosis D) myocardial ischemia - Answer️Ans: D- myocardial ischemia Individuals being effectively managed for type 2 diabetes mellitus often experience a healthy decline in blood pressure as a result of which intervention? A) managed carbohydrate intake B) appropriate exercise C) insulin-sensitivity medication therapy D) introduction of minimal doses of insulin - Answer️Ans: C- insulin-sensitivity medication therapy Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of gestation? A) fourth and seventh weeks B) eighth and tenth weeks C) twelfth and fourteenth weeks D) fifteenth and seventeenth weeks - Answer️Ans: A- fourth and seventh weeks The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur? A) right-to-left blood shunting B) left-to-right blood shunting C) blood flow from the umbilical cord D) blood flow to the lungs - Answer️Ans: A- right-to-left blood shunting An infant has a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole, as well as a bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? A) atrial septal defect (ASD) B) ventricular septal defect (VSD) C) patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) D) atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect - Answer️Ans: C- patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) An infant has a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur located between the second and third intercostal spaces along the left sternal border. A wide fixed splitting of the second heart sound is also found. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? A) Atrial septal defect (ASD) B) ventricular septal defect (VSD) C) patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) D) atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect - Answer️Ans: A- atrial septal defect (ASD) An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? A) atrial septal defect (ASD) B) ventricular septal defect (VSD) C) patent ductus ateriosus (PDA) D) atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect - Answer️Ans: B- ventricular septal defect What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis? A) LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation B) LDLs cause regression of atherosclerotic plaques C) LDLs increase levels of inflammatory cytokines D) LDLs direct microphages to the site in the endothelium - Answer️Ans: A- LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured? A) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) B) interferon-beta (IFN-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) C) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL-1) D) interferon-alpha (IFN-α), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) - Answer️Ans: C- tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL-1) When endothelia cells are injured, which alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? A) toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are released B) cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilation cytokines C) cells produce an increased amount of anti-thrombotic cytokines D) cells develop hypersensitivity to homocysteine and lipids - Answer️Ans: B- cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilation cytokines Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension? A) increased norepinephrine B) adducin C) angiotensin II D)insulin resistance - Answer️Ans: C- angiotensin II What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm? A) atherosclerosis cause ischemia of the intima B) atherosclerosis increases nitric oxide C) atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall D) atherosclerosis obstructs the vessel - Answer️Ans: C- atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? A) inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present B) hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery are present C) excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery are present D) evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery are present - Answer️Ans: A- inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present Which for of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasm of one or more coronary arteries? A) unstable B) stable C) silent D) prinzmetal - Answer️Ans: D- prinzmetal