ADULT III EXAM 4 2026 LATEST
1. Overview.
Endocrine
❖ The Endocrine System Allows The Body System To
Communicate Through The Secretion And Circulation Of
Hormones.
❖ Hormones Control:
▪ Metabolism, Adaption, Reproduction, G&D, F/E Balance,
Transport Of Substances Across Cell Membranes
(Glucose Needs Insulin To Cross The Cell Membrane).
❖ Hormones Either Stimulate Or Inhibit
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, ▪ Can Also Be Organ Specific Or Generalized ❖
Production Of Hormones Is Maintained In 2 Ways:
▪ Positive Feedback (Ex. Menstrual Cycle)
✓ Rising Levels Of Hormone Cause Another Gland To
Release A Hormone That Is Stimulating To The First
✓ Requires Mechanism Of Shutting Off Release Of Initial
Hormone
✓ This System Prevents Overproduction Of Hormones
▪ Negative Feedback (Ex. Thermostat In House)
✓ Hormone Release Is Inhibited When Circulating Level Of A
Hormone Is High Or Hormone Release Is Stimulated By A
Low Circulating Level Of Hormone
• When The Level Gets To Where It Needs To Be It Shuts Off
❖ How Aging Effects The Endocrine System
▪ Organ Sensitivity To Hormones Decreases
✓ Takes More Hormones For Response
▪ Organ May Shrink In Size Causing Decreased Hormone
Receptor Binding Due To Less Receptor Sites
▪ Hormone Production Decreases (Thyroid, Cortisol,
Aldosterone)
❖ Endocrine Dysfunction Major Categories
▪ Decreased Hormone Function From Gland Destruction
(Primary Problem {Problem With The Gland
Itself}) ▪ Excess Hormone Production
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▪ Abnormal Hormone Production From Gene Mutation
(Autoimmune Disorders)
▪ Hormone Receptor Disorders
▪ Disorders Of Hormone Transport/Metabolism
❖ Hypothalamus
▪ Communicates Constantly With The Pituitary
✓ Serum Osmolality
✓ Emotion
✓ Pain
✓ Temperature
▪ Stimulates Release Of Pituitary Hormones
▪ Hypothalamic Dysfunction Can Lead To Pituitary
Dysfunction
✓ Generalized Endocrine Disorder
❖ Pituitary Gland
▪ Master Gland
▪ At The Base Of The Skull
✓ Divided Into 2 Sections
• Anterior/Posterior
▪ Anterior
✓ Growth Replacement (Somatotropin)
• Stimulates Bone/Tissue Growth And Released During
Sleep
✓ Prolactin
• Breast Development And Lactation
• Stimulates Mammary Glands
✓ Tsh
• Stimulates Release Of Th From Thyroid Gland
✓ Acth
• Stimulates Release Of Aldosterone And Cortisol
✓ Fsh & Lh
• Stimulates Estrogen And Progesterone To Control The
Menstrual Cycle
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▪ Posterior
✓ Oxytocin
• Stimulates Uterine Contractions During Labor And Let-
Down For Lactation
✓ Adh (Antidiuretic Hormone)
• Secreted When Not Enough H2o In Blood Or Bp Low
• Acts On Renal Tubules/Collecting Ducts
• Increases Bp And Fluid Volume By Stimulating Fluid
Retention And Constriction Arterioles
• Potent Vasoconstrictors
❖ Thyroid/Parathyroid Glands
▪ Thyroid
✓ Very Vascular
✓ Butterfly Shaped
✓ Secretes T3 And T4 (Together These Make
Thyroid Hormone)
• Th Stimulates Metabolism, Increases O2 Utilization,
Essential For Normal G&D, Decrease Circulating
Levels Of Cholesterol
✓ Secretes Calcitonin
• Lowers Calcium And Phosphate Levels By
Inhibiting Bone Reabsorption (Pulling Form The
Bones) And Increases Excretion Of Both Through
The Urine
• Only Excreted When Calcium >9.3
▪ Parathyroid
✓ 4 Small Glands
✓ Parathyroid Hormone (Pth)
• Increases Calcium Levels
• Released When Serum Calcium Levels Decreases
• Promotes Bone Reabsorption (Pulling From The Bone
And Into The Blood Stream )
❖ Adrenal Glands
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1. Overview.
Endocrine
❖ The Endocrine System Allows The Body System To
Communicate Through The Secretion And Circulation Of
Hormones.
❖ Hormones Control:
▪ Metabolism, Adaption, Reproduction, G&D, F/E Balance,
Transport Of Substances Across Cell Membranes
(Glucose Needs Insulin To Cross The Cell Membrane).
❖ Hormones Either Stimulate Or Inhibit
Downloaded by: TUTORNELSON | Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra
per year?
, ▪ Can Also Be Organ Specific Or Generalized ❖
Production Of Hormones Is Maintained In 2 Ways:
▪ Positive Feedback (Ex. Menstrual Cycle)
✓ Rising Levels Of Hormone Cause Another Gland To
Release A Hormone That Is Stimulating To The First
✓ Requires Mechanism Of Shutting Off Release Of Initial
Hormone
✓ This System Prevents Overproduction Of Hormones
▪ Negative Feedback (Ex. Thermostat In House)
✓ Hormone Release Is Inhibited When Circulating Level Of A
Hormone Is High Or Hormone Release Is Stimulated By A
Low Circulating Level Of Hormone
• When The Level Gets To Where It Needs To Be It Shuts Off
❖ How Aging Effects The Endocrine System
▪ Organ Sensitivity To Hormones Decreases
✓ Takes More Hormones For Response
▪ Organ May Shrink In Size Causing Decreased Hormone
Receptor Binding Due To Less Receptor Sites
▪ Hormone Production Decreases (Thyroid, Cortisol,
Aldosterone)
❖ Endocrine Dysfunction Major Categories
▪ Decreased Hormone Function From Gland Destruction
(Primary Problem {Problem With The Gland
Itself}) ▪ Excess Hormone Production
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per year?
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▪ Abnormal Hormone Production From Gene Mutation
(Autoimmune Disorders)
▪ Hormone Receptor Disorders
▪ Disorders Of Hormone Transport/Metabolism
❖ Hypothalamus
▪ Communicates Constantly With The Pituitary
✓ Serum Osmolality
✓ Emotion
✓ Pain
✓ Temperature
▪ Stimulates Release Of Pituitary Hormones
▪ Hypothalamic Dysfunction Can Lead To Pituitary
Dysfunction
✓ Generalized Endocrine Disorder
❖ Pituitary Gland
▪ Master Gland
▪ At The Base Of The Skull
✓ Divided Into 2 Sections
• Anterior/Posterior
▪ Anterior
✓ Growth Replacement (Somatotropin)
• Stimulates Bone/Tissue Growth And Released During
Sleep
✓ Prolactin
• Breast Development And Lactation
• Stimulates Mammary Glands
✓ Tsh
• Stimulates Release Of Th From Thyroid Gland
✓ Acth
• Stimulates Release Of Aldosterone And Cortisol
✓ Fsh & Lh
• Stimulates Estrogen And Progesterone To Control The
Menstrual Cycle
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illegal extra per year?
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▪ Posterior
✓ Oxytocin
• Stimulates Uterine Contractions During Labor And Let-
Down For Lactation
✓ Adh (Antidiuretic Hormone)
• Secreted When Not Enough H2o In Blood Or Bp Low
• Acts On Renal Tubules/Collecting Ducts
• Increases Bp And Fluid Volume By Stimulating Fluid
Retention And Constriction Arterioles
• Potent Vasoconstrictors
❖ Thyroid/Parathyroid Glands
▪ Thyroid
✓ Very Vascular
✓ Butterfly Shaped
✓ Secretes T3 And T4 (Together These Make
Thyroid Hormone)
• Th Stimulates Metabolism, Increases O2 Utilization,
Essential For Normal G&D, Decrease Circulating
Levels Of Cholesterol
✓ Secretes Calcitonin
• Lowers Calcium And Phosphate Levels By
Inhibiting Bone Reabsorption (Pulling Form The
Bones) And Increases Excretion Of Both Through
The Urine
• Only Excreted When Calcium >9.3
▪ Parathyroid
✓ 4 Small Glands
✓ Parathyroid Hormone (Pth)
• Increases Calcium Levels
• Released When Serum Calcium Levels Decreases
• Promotes Bone Reabsorption (Pulling From The Bone
And Into The Blood Stream )
❖ Adrenal Glands
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