PSYC 140 FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
ANSWERS VERIFIED
◉ cross-sectional study. Answer: comparing different age groups at
the same time
◉ naturalistic observation. Answer: research method in which one
observes a subject outside of a research setting
◉ case study. Answer: research method involving a direct
observation of a patient; interviewing in great detail
◉ study/interview. Answer: research method in which surveys
administered anonymously or asked in and interview format in-
person
◉ correlational research. Answer: research method of seeing how
two variables relate; looking at strength and direction of
relationship
◉ experiments. Answer: research method in which you tightly
control the variables, setting, and participants which manipulating
one factor believed to have influence.
,◉ Hawthorne effect. Answer: A change in a subject's behavior
caused simply by the awareness of being studied
◉ What are the five research methods discussed in this module?.
Answer: - naturalistic observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
◉ three types of prenatal diagnostic tests. Answer: ultrasound,
amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling (CVA)
◉ ultrasound. Answer: prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high
frequency sounds to create an image of the baby
◉ amniocentesis. Answer: Prenatal diagnostic technique involving
needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for
analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities
◉ chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Answer: Prenatal diagnostic
technique in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the
placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and
congenital defects in the fetus.
,◉ what are the three types of genetic-environment interactions?.
Answer: passive, evocative, and active
◉ passive genotype-environment interaction. Answer: parents
provide genetic disposition and nurturing context to foster certain
qualities
◉ evocative genotype-environment interaction. Answer: parents
provide genetic predisposition for a child to evoke certain reactions
in others that will influence their development
◉ active genotype-environment interaction. Answer: parents
provide genetic predisposition that results in a child actively seeking
out environmental conditions that foster development of certain
qualities
◉ three periods of neonatal development. Answer: germinal,
embryonic, and fetal
◉ germinal period. Answer: week 0-2
zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
◉ embryonic period. Answer: week 2-8
, layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
◉ fetal period. Answer: month 2-9
major growth and development
◉ teratogens. Answer: agents that interfere with natural growth and
produce a birth defect
◉ which three variables determine a teratogen's effect?. Answer: -
gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
◉ When does organogenesis begin?. Answer: Around week 3
through week 8
◉ why is stress a teratogen?. Answer: stress causes blood to be
directed away from fetus and towards mother's brain, limbs, heart.
Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal HR
◉ why is cognitive development more susceptible?. Answer: brain
develops all throughout pregnancy
ANSWERS VERIFIED
◉ cross-sectional study. Answer: comparing different age groups at
the same time
◉ naturalistic observation. Answer: research method in which one
observes a subject outside of a research setting
◉ case study. Answer: research method involving a direct
observation of a patient; interviewing in great detail
◉ study/interview. Answer: research method in which surveys
administered anonymously or asked in and interview format in-
person
◉ correlational research. Answer: research method of seeing how
two variables relate; looking at strength and direction of
relationship
◉ experiments. Answer: research method in which you tightly
control the variables, setting, and participants which manipulating
one factor believed to have influence.
,◉ Hawthorne effect. Answer: A change in a subject's behavior
caused simply by the awareness of being studied
◉ What are the five research methods discussed in this module?.
Answer: - naturalistic observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
◉ three types of prenatal diagnostic tests. Answer: ultrasound,
amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling (CVA)
◉ ultrasound. Answer: prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high
frequency sounds to create an image of the baby
◉ amniocentesis. Answer: Prenatal diagnostic technique involving
needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for
analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities
◉ chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Answer: Prenatal diagnostic
technique in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the
placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and
congenital defects in the fetus.
,◉ what are the three types of genetic-environment interactions?.
Answer: passive, evocative, and active
◉ passive genotype-environment interaction. Answer: parents
provide genetic disposition and nurturing context to foster certain
qualities
◉ evocative genotype-environment interaction. Answer: parents
provide genetic predisposition for a child to evoke certain reactions
in others that will influence their development
◉ active genotype-environment interaction. Answer: parents
provide genetic predisposition that results in a child actively seeking
out environmental conditions that foster development of certain
qualities
◉ three periods of neonatal development. Answer: germinal,
embryonic, and fetal
◉ germinal period. Answer: week 0-2
zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
◉ embryonic period. Answer: week 2-8
, layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
◉ fetal period. Answer: month 2-9
major growth and development
◉ teratogens. Answer: agents that interfere with natural growth and
produce a birth defect
◉ which three variables determine a teratogen's effect?. Answer: -
gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
◉ When does organogenesis begin?. Answer: Around week 3
through week 8
◉ why is stress a teratogen?. Answer: stress causes blood to be
directed away from fetus and towards mother's brain, limbs, heart.
Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal HR
◉ why is cognitive development more susceptible?. Answer: brain
develops all throughout pregnancy
