PHI ETHICS SOPHIA FINAL MILESTONE
PRACTICE STUDY GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Impartiality. Answer: Each person's interests count equally,
regardless of personal relationships or distance.
◉ Trolley problem. Answer: Illustrates how utilitarianism prioritizes
outcomes over moral constraints (saving more lives).
◉ Singer's drowning child. Answer: If we can prevent serious harm
without sacrificing something of comparable moral importance, we
are morally required to do so.
◉ Distance & numbers objections. Answer: Singer argues distance
and the number of helpers do not reduce individual moral
obligation.
◉ Strong longtermism. Answer: The view that improving the far
future is the dominant moral priority because of the vast number of
future lives.
, ◉ Objection to longtermism. Answer: It relies on highly speculative
predictions about the distant future.
◉ Negative responsibility. Answer: Utilitarianism holds agents
responsible not only for what they do, but also for what they allow
or fail to prevent.
◉ Integrity objection. Answer: Utilitarianism alienates agents from
their moral identity and personal commitments.
◉ George and the Chemicals. Answer: George is pressured to violate
his moral integrity for better outcomes, showing utilitarianism's
disregard for agency.
◉ Moral remoter effects. Answer: Utilitarianism demands
implausibly expansive moral calculations including distant ripple
effects.
◉ Ends in themselves. Answer: Persons must never be treated
merely as means; their rational agency and dignity must be
respected.
◉ Maxim. Answer: The principle or rule an agent acts on.
PRACTICE STUDY GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Impartiality. Answer: Each person's interests count equally,
regardless of personal relationships or distance.
◉ Trolley problem. Answer: Illustrates how utilitarianism prioritizes
outcomes over moral constraints (saving more lives).
◉ Singer's drowning child. Answer: If we can prevent serious harm
without sacrificing something of comparable moral importance, we
are morally required to do so.
◉ Distance & numbers objections. Answer: Singer argues distance
and the number of helpers do not reduce individual moral
obligation.
◉ Strong longtermism. Answer: The view that improving the far
future is the dominant moral priority because of the vast number of
future lives.
, ◉ Objection to longtermism. Answer: It relies on highly speculative
predictions about the distant future.
◉ Negative responsibility. Answer: Utilitarianism holds agents
responsible not only for what they do, but also for what they allow
or fail to prevent.
◉ Integrity objection. Answer: Utilitarianism alienates agents from
their moral identity and personal commitments.
◉ George and the Chemicals. Answer: George is pressured to violate
his moral integrity for better outcomes, showing utilitarianism's
disregard for agency.
◉ Moral remoter effects. Answer: Utilitarianism demands
implausibly expansive moral calculations including distant ripple
effects.
◉ Ends in themselves. Answer: Persons must never be treated
merely as means; their rational agency and dignity must be
respected.
◉ Maxim. Answer: The principle or rule an agent acts on.
