PCC Exam 2 Blueprint, 2026 – Law & Ethics Study and
Review Material
Discuss the differences between race, ethnicity, and culture. - correct answer ✔✔ *race*:
-unlike ethnicity
-*strictly related to biology*
-groupings based on biologic similarities
*ethnicity*:
-similar to culture
-refers to *groups sharing common social and cultural heritage*
-passed down through generations
-way of categorizing people based off of shared characteristics
-never assume a patients ethnicity, always ask "what is your ethnicity?"
-ethnic groups:
--characteristics in common
--physical, race, ancestry, religion
*culture*:
-a *learned*, pattern behavior response acquired over time
-includes *beliefs, attitudes, values, customs, art, taboos, and ways of life*
-*primarily learned and passed on by families and social organizations*
-guides decision making
-impacts worldview
-facilitates self worth and identity
,-*characteristics*:
--beliefs provide *identity* and sense of belonging
--consist of common beliefs and practices
--exist at many levels (material - art, dress; non-material - customs, language, practices)
--learned and taught
--dynamic and adaptive to environment
--complex
--diverse
--all-encompassing
-culture is *individualized*
-every person has a culture
-culture is dynamic (it changes)
-*nurses culture*: personal beliefs and nursing's professional values
Define key concepts related to cultural competency. - correct answer ✔✔ *cultural
competency*: an ongoing process that consists of the attitudes, knowledge, and skills necessary
for providing quality care to diverse populations
-healthcare providers continuously strive to achieve the availability and ability to effectively
work within the cultural context of the client
*verbal/non-verbal* cultural considerations:
-touch?
-eye contact?
-how should you address the patient?
*ASKED* Model: cultural competency is a process not an end point
,*A*wareness: check yourself at the door - assess your own biases in an open and honest
manner
*S*kills: your ability to conduct a cultural assessment with sensitivity
*K*nowledge: do you have the appropriate knowledge/information about cultural worldviews?
*E*ncounters: it takes practice to become competent - is touch allowed, how should you refer
to the patient, and can you make eye contact?
*D*esire: you must want to be culturally competent
*ETHNIC* Tool:
*E*xplanation:
-why do you believe you have this problem/illness?
*T*reatment:
-what medication, home remedies, or other treatments have you tried for this illness?
-is there anything you eat, drink, do, or avoid on a daily basis to stay healthy?
-what kind of treatment are you seeking today?
*H*ealers:
-have you sought help/advice/treatment from others (alternate healers, folk healers, friends,
etc), who are not doctors for help regarding your illnesses?
*N*egotiate:
-try to find mutual options that benefit both you and your patient and goes along with their
beliefs, rather than contradicting them
*I*ntervention:
-determine an intervention with your patient that may include alternate treatments, spirituality,
healers, and other cultural practices (ex: food eaten/avoided, when sick or in general)
*C*ollaboration:
-collaborate with patient, family, other members of the healthcare team, healers, and
Discuss components of a cultural assessment. - correct answer ✔✔ -cultural background
, -rituals and customs
-communication patterns/norms
-nutritional practices
-family relationships
-decision making on consent for treatment
-beliefs & perceptions relating to health, illness, & treatment
-self-care v. being cared for
-individual time keeping beliefs and practices
-boundaries related to privacy
-views of hospitals, nurses, doctors, & other healers
-issues affecting delivery of care
-both formal and informal education
Discuss strategies to complete an assessment of cultural preferences. - correct answer ✔✔ -ask
open-ended questions
-allow patient time to answer questions
-listen respectfully
-listen without bias
-remain non-judgmental
--be mindful of your non-verbal communication
Explain nursing techniques to address cultural barriers relating to patient care. - correct answer
✔✔ -is the practice good or bad?
-how does the practice effect the patients care?
*practice is efficacious-helpful*:
-help patient preserve
Review Material
Discuss the differences between race, ethnicity, and culture. - correct answer ✔✔ *race*:
-unlike ethnicity
-*strictly related to biology*
-groupings based on biologic similarities
*ethnicity*:
-similar to culture
-refers to *groups sharing common social and cultural heritage*
-passed down through generations
-way of categorizing people based off of shared characteristics
-never assume a patients ethnicity, always ask "what is your ethnicity?"
-ethnic groups:
--characteristics in common
--physical, race, ancestry, religion
*culture*:
-a *learned*, pattern behavior response acquired over time
-includes *beliefs, attitudes, values, customs, art, taboos, and ways of life*
-*primarily learned and passed on by families and social organizations*
-guides decision making
-impacts worldview
-facilitates self worth and identity
,-*characteristics*:
--beliefs provide *identity* and sense of belonging
--consist of common beliefs and practices
--exist at many levels (material - art, dress; non-material - customs, language, practices)
--learned and taught
--dynamic and adaptive to environment
--complex
--diverse
--all-encompassing
-culture is *individualized*
-every person has a culture
-culture is dynamic (it changes)
-*nurses culture*: personal beliefs and nursing's professional values
Define key concepts related to cultural competency. - correct answer ✔✔ *cultural
competency*: an ongoing process that consists of the attitudes, knowledge, and skills necessary
for providing quality care to diverse populations
-healthcare providers continuously strive to achieve the availability and ability to effectively
work within the cultural context of the client
*verbal/non-verbal* cultural considerations:
-touch?
-eye contact?
-how should you address the patient?
*ASKED* Model: cultural competency is a process not an end point
,*A*wareness: check yourself at the door - assess your own biases in an open and honest
manner
*S*kills: your ability to conduct a cultural assessment with sensitivity
*K*nowledge: do you have the appropriate knowledge/information about cultural worldviews?
*E*ncounters: it takes practice to become competent - is touch allowed, how should you refer
to the patient, and can you make eye contact?
*D*esire: you must want to be culturally competent
*ETHNIC* Tool:
*E*xplanation:
-why do you believe you have this problem/illness?
*T*reatment:
-what medication, home remedies, or other treatments have you tried for this illness?
-is there anything you eat, drink, do, or avoid on a daily basis to stay healthy?
-what kind of treatment are you seeking today?
*H*ealers:
-have you sought help/advice/treatment from others (alternate healers, folk healers, friends,
etc), who are not doctors for help regarding your illnesses?
*N*egotiate:
-try to find mutual options that benefit both you and your patient and goes along with their
beliefs, rather than contradicting them
*I*ntervention:
-determine an intervention with your patient that may include alternate treatments, spirituality,
healers, and other cultural practices (ex: food eaten/avoided, when sick or in general)
*C*ollaboration:
-collaborate with patient, family, other members of the healthcare team, healers, and
Discuss components of a cultural assessment. - correct answer ✔✔ -cultural background
, -rituals and customs
-communication patterns/norms
-nutritional practices
-family relationships
-decision making on consent for treatment
-beliefs & perceptions relating to health, illness, & treatment
-self-care v. being cared for
-individual time keeping beliefs and practices
-boundaries related to privacy
-views of hospitals, nurses, doctors, & other healers
-issues affecting delivery of care
-both formal and informal education
Discuss strategies to complete an assessment of cultural preferences. - correct answer ✔✔ -ask
open-ended questions
-allow patient time to answer questions
-listen respectfully
-listen without bias
-remain non-judgmental
--be mindful of your non-verbal communication
Explain nursing techniques to address cultural barriers relating to patient care. - correct answer
✔✔ -is the practice good or bad?
-how does the practice effect the patients care?
*practice is efficacious-helpful*:
-help patient preserve
