NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(CHAMBERLAIN) EXAM 2 QUESTIONS
AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES GRADED A+
GUARANTEED PASS ON THE FIRST ATTEMPT
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular hypertrophy.
This change is best described as:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size in response to increased
workload, commonly seen in cardiac muscle with chronic hypertension.
2. Which factor most directly increases systemic vascular resistance?
A. Vasodilation
B. Increased blood volume
C. Arteriolar constriction
D. Decreased heart rate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Constriction of arterioles increases resistance to blood flow, raising
systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure.
,3. A patient with left-sided heart failure is at highest risk for developing:
A. Peripheral edema
B. Ascites
C. Pulmonary edema
D. Jugular venous distention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary
circulation, leading to pulmonary congestion and edema.
4. Which compensatory mechanism initially helps maintain cardiac output in
heart failure?
A. Decreased sympathetic stimulation
B. Reduced preload
C. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
D. Decreased heart rate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: RAAS activation increases blood volume and vasoconstriction to
maintain blood pressure and perfusion.
5. Atherosclerosis primarily begins with damage to which structure?
A. Adventitia
B. Media
C. Endothelium
D. Basement membrane
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Endothelial injury allows lipid infiltration and inflammatory cell
migration, initiating plaque formation.
,6. Which lipid abnormality most strongly contributes to atherosclerosis?
A. Elevated HDL
B. Reduced triglycerides
C. Elevated LDL
D. Decreased VLDL
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: LDL cholesterol promotes plaque formation within arterial walls.
7. A patient experiences chest pain due to myocardial ischemia. The pain
results primarily from:
A. Myocardial necrosis
B. Lactic acid accumulation
C. Increased oxygen delivery
D. Enhanced ATP production
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia causes anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid buildup,
stimulating pain receptors.
8. Which condition results from chronic right-sided heart failure?
A. Pulmonary congestion
B. Hepatosplenomegaly
C. Decreased jugular venous pressure
D. Reduced peripheral edema
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Right-sided heart failure causes systemic venous congestion, leading to
liver and spleen enlargement.
, 9. A patient with restrictive lung disease has impaired breathing primarily
because of:
A. Airway obstruction
B. Loss of elastic recoil
C. Decreased lung compliance
D. Excess mucus production
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Restrictive disorders limit lung expansion, reducing compliance and
lung volumes.
10. Which blood gas finding is most consistent with respiratory acidosis?
A. Decreased PaCO₂
B. Increased pH
C. Increased PaCO₂
D. Decreased bicarbonate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation and carbon dioxide
retention.
11. A pulmonary embolism primarily disrupts which process?
A. Alveolar ventilation
B. Oxygen diffusion
C. Pulmonary perfusion
D. Surfactant production
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A pulmonary embolism blocks blood flow, impairing perfusion despite
normal ventilation.
(CHAMBERLAIN) EXAM 2 QUESTIONS
AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES GRADED A+
GUARANTEED PASS ON THE FIRST ATTEMPT
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular hypertrophy.
This change is best described as:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size in response to increased
workload, commonly seen in cardiac muscle with chronic hypertension.
2. Which factor most directly increases systemic vascular resistance?
A. Vasodilation
B. Increased blood volume
C. Arteriolar constriction
D. Decreased heart rate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Constriction of arterioles increases resistance to blood flow, raising
systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure.
,3. A patient with left-sided heart failure is at highest risk for developing:
A. Peripheral edema
B. Ascites
C. Pulmonary edema
D. Jugular venous distention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary
circulation, leading to pulmonary congestion and edema.
4. Which compensatory mechanism initially helps maintain cardiac output in
heart failure?
A. Decreased sympathetic stimulation
B. Reduced preload
C. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
D. Decreased heart rate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: RAAS activation increases blood volume and vasoconstriction to
maintain blood pressure and perfusion.
5. Atherosclerosis primarily begins with damage to which structure?
A. Adventitia
B. Media
C. Endothelium
D. Basement membrane
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Endothelial injury allows lipid infiltration and inflammatory cell
migration, initiating plaque formation.
,6. Which lipid abnormality most strongly contributes to atherosclerosis?
A. Elevated HDL
B. Reduced triglycerides
C. Elevated LDL
D. Decreased VLDL
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: LDL cholesterol promotes plaque formation within arterial walls.
7. A patient experiences chest pain due to myocardial ischemia. The pain
results primarily from:
A. Myocardial necrosis
B. Lactic acid accumulation
C. Increased oxygen delivery
D. Enhanced ATP production
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia causes anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid buildup,
stimulating pain receptors.
8. Which condition results from chronic right-sided heart failure?
A. Pulmonary congestion
B. Hepatosplenomegaly
C. Decreased jugular venous pressure
D. Reduced peripheral edema
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Right-sided heart failure causes systemic venous congestion, leading to
liver and spleen enlargement.
, 9. A patient with restrictive lung disease has impaired breathing primarily
because of:
A. Airway obstruction
B. Loss of elastic recoil
C. Decreased lung compliance
D. Excess mucus production
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Restrictive disorders limit lung expansion, reducing compliance and
lung volumes.
10. Which blood gas finding is most consistent with respiratory acidosis?
A. Decreased PaCO₂
B. Increased pH
C. Increased PaCO₂
D. Decreased bicarbonate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation and carbon dioxide
retention.
11. A pulmonary embolism primarily disrupts which process?
A. Alveolar ventilation
B. Oxygen diffusion
C. Pulmonary perfusion
D. Surfactant production
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A pulmonary embolism blocks blood flow, impairing perfusion despite
normal ventilation.
