NSG 3280 (patho): EXAM 1 chapter 4
Questions and All Correct Answers.
What is the primary cause of cellular injury during ischemia?
A. Increased production of ATP
B. Accumulation of lactic acid
C. Decrease in intracellular calcium
D. Activation of the immune response - Answer :B
Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen delivery, leading to anaerobic metabolism and the
accumulation of lactic acid, which decreases intracellular pH and contributes to cellular injury.
Which of the following is a reversible cellular injury?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Hydropic swelling
D. Coagulative necrosis - Answer Answer: C
Rationale: Hydropic swelling occurs when cells accumulate water due to a failure of ion pumps.
This is typically reversible if the stressor is removed.
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia - Answer Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of individual cells, often in response to
increased workload or demand.
A 65-year-old patient has an enlarged prostate due to an increase in the number of cells. This is
an example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy - Answer Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells, often seen in tissues with
high regenerative capacity.
, What is the primary characteristic of apoptosis?
A. Inflammation and tissue damage
B. Swelling of organelles and rupture
C. Programmed cell death without inflammation
D. Cell death due to lack of oxygen - Answer Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is a programmed, orderly process of cell death that occurs without
triggering inflammation, allowing for removal of damaged or unnecessary cells.
Which of the following best describes necrosis?
A. Controlled process of cell death
B. Cellular injury due to apoptosis
C. Unregulated death of cells causing inflammation
D. Cellular adaptation to stress - Answer Answer: C
Rationale: Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death that results in inflammation and often
tissue damage.
What type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis infections?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat - Answer Answer: C
Rationale: Caseous necrosis, which has a cheese-like appearance, is characteristic of
tuberculosis infections.
Which cellular adaptation is a response to chronic irritation and involves the replacement of one
cell type with another?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy - Answer Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia occurs when one differentiated cell type is replaced with another type
better suited to withstand chronic irritation or stress.
Which type of cellular adaptation is often a precursor to cancer?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
Questions and All Correct Answers.
What is the primary cause of cellular injury during ischemia?
A. Increased production of ATP
B. Accumulation of lactic acid
C. Decrease in intracellular calcium
D. Activation of the immune response - Answer :B
Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen delivery, leading to anaerobic metabolism and the
accumulation of lactic acid, which decreases intracellular pH and contributes to cellular injury.
Which of the following is a reversible cellular injury?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Hydropic swelling
D. Coagulative necrosis - Answer Answer: C
Rationale: Hydropic swelling occurs when cells accumulate water due to a failure of ion pumps.
This is typically reversible if the stressor is removed.
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia - Answer Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of individual cells, often in response to
increased workload or demand.
A 65-year-old patient has an enlarged prostate due to an increase in the number of cells. This is
an example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy - Answer Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells, often seen in tissues with
high regenerative capacity.
, What is the primary characteristic of apoptosis?
A. Inflammation and tissue damage
B. Swelling of organelles and rupture
C. Programmed cell death without inflammation
D. Cell death due to lack of oxygen - Answer Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is a programmed, orderly process of cell death that occurs without
triggering inflammation, allowing for removal of damaged or unnecessary cells.
Which of the following best describes necrosis?
A. Controlled process of cell death
B. Cellular injury due to apoptosis
C. Unregulated death of cells causing inflammation
D. Cellular adaptation to stress - Answer Answer: C
Rationale: Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death that results in inflammation and often
tissue damage.
What type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis infections?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat - Answer Answer: C
Rationale: Caseous necrosis, which has a cheese-like appearance, is characteristic of
tuberculosis infections.
Which cellular adaptation is a response to chronic irritation and involves the replacement of one
cell type with another?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy - Answer Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia occurs when one differentiated cell type is replaced with another type
better suited to withstand chronic irritation or stress.
Which type of cellular adaptation is often a precursor to cancer?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
