BIOD 151 Comprehensive Mock Final Exam Portage Learning
Questions and Answers 2026 Practice Set
1. Which bone is considered part of the axial skeleton?
• A. Clavicle
• B. Scapula
• C. Hyoid ✅
• D. Femur
Rationale: The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hyoid
bone.
2. During an action potential, "Depolarization" is caused by:
• A. Potassium rushing out of the cell.
• B. Sodium rushing into the cell. ✅
• C. Calcium being stored in the SR.
• D. The closing of all gated channels.
Rationale: Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, allowing positive ions to flood the
negative interior.
3. Which muscle is the prime mover for "Inspiration" (breathing in)?
• A. Internal intercostals
• B. Rectus abdominis
• C. Diaphragm ✅
• D. Trapezius
Rationale: The diaphragm contracts and flattens to increase thoracic volume.
4. The "Master Gland" that controls the thyroid and adrenal cortex is the:
• A. Thalamus
• B. Hypothalamus
, • C. Anterior Pituitary ✅
• D. Pineal Gland
Rationale: The anterior pituitary secretes tropic hormones like TSH and ACTH.
5. Which heart chamber pumps oxygenated blood into the Aorta?
• A. Right Atrium
• B. Right Ventricle
• C. Left Atrium
• D. Left Ventricle ✅
Rationale: The left ventricle is the strongest chamber, responsible for systemic
circulation.
6. A "Sarcomere" is the distance between two:
• A. M-lines
• B. I-bands
• C. Z-discs ✅
• D. A-bands
Rationale: This is the functional unit of contraction in skeletal muscle.
7. Which neuroglial cell forms the myelin sheath in the Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)?
• A. Oligodendrocytes
• B. Astrocytes
• C. Schwann cells ✅
• D. Microglia
Rationale: Schwann cells wrap around axons in the PNS; Oligodendrocytes do this in
the CNS.
8. The "Universal Donor" blood type is:
• A. AB+
• B. O+
, • C. O- ✅
• D. AB-
Rationale: O- lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, preventing a transfusion reaction in most
recipients.
9. Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating bone deposition?
• A. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
• B. Calcitonin ✅
• C. Insulin
• D. Glucagon
Rationale: Calcitonin (from the thyroid) "tones" down blood calcium.
10. The "Blind Spot" of the eye is technically the:
• A. Fovea centralis
• B. Optic disc ✅
• C. Macula lutea
• D. Cornea
Rationale: No photoreceptors exist where the optic nerve exits the eyeball.
11. Which vertebrae have transverse foramina for the passage of vertebral
arteries?
• A. Cervical ✅
• B. Thoracic
• C. Lumbar
• D. Sacral
Rationale: These openings are unique to the C1-C7 vertebrae.
12. The neurotransmitter released at the Neuromuscular Junction is:
• A. Dopamine
• B. Norepinephrine
, • C. Acetylcholine (ACh) ✅
• D. Serotonin
Rationale: ACh is essential for triggering skeletal muscle contraction.
13. "Wernicke’s Area" is responsible for:
• A. Speech production
• B. Understanding language ✅
• C. Visual processing
• D. Balance and posture
Rationale: Damage to the temporal lobe here results in "word salad" (fluent but
nonsensical speech).
14. Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood TO the lungs?
• A. Pulmonary Vein
• B. Pulmonary Artery ✅
• C. Aorta
• D. Superior Vena Cava
Rationale: Arteries carry blood away from the heart; the pulmonary artery carries "blue"
blood to the lungs.
15. "Type 1 Diabetes" results from the destruction of ____ cells in the pancreas.
• A. Alpha
• B. Beta ✅
• C. Delta
• D. Acinar
Rationale: Beta cells produce insulin; their destruction leads to high blood sugar.
16. The "Sella Turcica" is a landmark found on which bone?
• A. Ethmoid
• B. Sphenoid ✅
Questions and Answers 2026 Practice Set
1. Which bone is considered part of the axial skeleton?
• A. Clavicle
• B. Scapula
• C. Hyoid ✅
• D. Femur
Rationale: The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hyoid
bone.
2. During an action potential, "Depolarization" is caused by:
• A. Potassium rushing out of the cell.
• B. Sodium rushing into the cell. ✅
• C. Calcium being stored in the SR.
• D. The closing of all gated channels.
Rationale: Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, allowing positive ions to flood the
negative interior.
3. Which muscle is the prime mover for "Inspiration" (breathing in)?
• A. Internal intercostals
• B. Rectus abdominis
• C. Diaphragm ✅
• D. Trapezius
Rationale: The diaphragm contracts and flattens to increase thoracic volume.
4. The "Master Gland" that controls the thyroid and adrenal cortex is the:
• A. Thalamus
• B. Hypothalamus
, • C. Anterior Pituitary ✅
• D. Pineal Gland
Rationale: The anterior pituitary secretes tropic hormones like TSH and ACTH.
5. Which heart chamber pumps oxygenated blood into the Aorta?
• A. Right Atrium
• B. Right Ventricle
• C. Left Atrium
• D. Left Ventricle ✅
Rationale: The left ventricle is the strongest chamber, responsible for systemic
circulation.
6. A "Sarcomere" is the distance between two:
• A. M-lines
• B. I-bands
• C. Z-discs ✅
• D. A-bands
Rationale: This is the functional unit of contraction in skeletal muscle.
7. Which neuroglial cell forms the myelin sheath in the Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)?
• A. Oligodendrocytes
• B. Astrocytes
• C. Schwann cells ✅
• D. Microglia
Rationale: Schwann cells wrap around axons in the PNS; Oligodendrocytes do this in
the CNS.
8. The "Universal Donor" blood type is:
• A. AB+
• B. O+
, • C. O- ✅
• D. AB-
Rationale: O- lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, preventing a transfusion reaction in most
recipients.
9. Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating bone deposition?
• A. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
• B. Calcitonin ✅
• C. Insulin
• D. Glucagon
Rationale: Calcitonin (from the thyroid) "tones" down blood calcium.
10. The "Blind Spot" of the eye is technically the:
• A. Fovea centralis
• B. Optic disc ✅
• C. Macula lutea
• D. Cornea
Rationale: No photoreceptors exist where the optic nerve exits the eyeball.
11. Which vertebrae have transverse foramina for the passage of vertebral
arteries?
• A. Cervical ✅
• B. Thoracic
• C. Lumbar
• D. Sacral
Rationale: These openings are unique to the C1-C7 vertebrae.
12. The neurotransmitter released at the Neuromuscular Junction is:
• A. Dopamine
• B. Norepinephrine
, • C. Acetylcholine (ACh) ✅
• D. Serotonin
Rationale: ACh is essential for triggering skeletal muscle contraction.
13. "Wernicke’s Area" is responsible for:
• A. Speech production
• B. Understanding language ✅
• C. Visual processing
• D. Balance and posture
Rationale: Damage to the temporal lobe here results in "word salad" (fluent but
nonsensical speech).
14. Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood TO the lungs?
• A. Pulmonary Vein
• B. Pulmonary Artery ✅
• C. Aorta
• D. Superior Vena Cava
Rationale: Arteries carry blood away from the heart; the pulmonary artery carries "blue"
blood to the lungs.
15. "Type 1 Diabetes" results from the destruction of ____ cells in the pancreas.
• A. Alpha
• B. Beta ✅
• C. Delta
• D. Acinar
Rationale: Beta cells produce insulin; their destruction leads to high blood sugar.
16. The "Sella Turcica" is a landmark found on which bone?
• A. Ethmoid
• B. Sphenoid ✅
