PRAXIS II: ESOL 5362 Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Constructivist teaching - -is based on the belief Performance Based Assessment - -Adaptable
that learning occurs as learners are actively involved instruments and are often suitable measures of
in a process of meaning and knowledge construction students' knowledge in
as opposed to passively receiving information. content classes. Measures students' ability to apply
Learners are the makers of meaning and knowledge. the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units
of study.
Negative Transfer - -Which occurs when
speakers and writers transfer items and structures IATEFL - -International Association of Teachers
that are not the same in both languages. In English, of English as a Foreign Language is an organization
a verb that expresses a state of being (e.g., "I am") is in the field of English language learning and teaching.
used to indicate the age of a person, whereas in It is based in Britain and was founded in 1967.
several other languages, a verb that indicates
possession (e.g., "I have") is used.
Linguisitic Approach - -a method which
assumes that all children have a strong grasp of oral
Code switching - -the practice of alternating L1. Which is then an associative tool for words and
between two or more languages or varieties of spelling patterns.
language in conversation. "Spanglish"
Language Experience - -In this approach,
Achievement test - -a test of developed skill or students orally relate their personal experiences to
knowledge. The most common type is a standardized the teacher; the teacher transcribes these
test developed to measure skills and knowledge experiences, complete with errors, and then develops
learned in a given grade level, usually through other reading and writing activities based on the
planned instruction, such as training or classroom transcription. This approach allows for the
instruction. development of materials and activities based on
student interests and appropriate to student
comprehension levels since they are student
Summative assessment - -typically given to generated—without particular attention being paid to
children after a specific point in instruction to form or error correction.
measure their understanding of a subject. High
stakes, a midterm exam. a final project.
Basal Reading Approach - -a technique used to
teach children reading skills. ... Commonly called
Diagnostic assessments - -(also known as pre- "reading books" or "readers," The readers are short
assessments) provide instructors with information stories, including individual books for learners, a
about student's prior knowledge and misconceptions teacher's edition, workbooks, assessments and
before beginning a learning activity activities for a specific reading level.
Formative assessment - -including diagnostic Allophone - -any of the speech sounds that
testing, is a range of formal and informal assessment represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k
procedures conducted by teachers during the in kit and the unaspirated k in skit.
learning process in order to modify teaching and
learning activities to improve student attainment.
(thumbs up/down, show me) Palatalization - -When tongue is on palate and
goes to front of mouth; a sound change that either
results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front
,PRAXIS II: ESOL 5362 Study Guide with Complete Solutions
vowel, or is triggered by one of them. This involves
change in the place or manner of articulation of
consonants, or the fronting or raising of vowels. Behaviorism - -the theory that human and
example: got you become gotche animal behavior can be explained in terms of
conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings,
and that psychological disorders are best treated by
Phoneme - -any of the perceptually distinct altering behavior patterns. (BF Skinner)
units of sound in a specified language that
distinguish one word from another, for example p, b,
d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat. Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974), - -Chinese
students in San Fran were placed in mainstream
classroom and were left to sink or swim since they
Passive voice - -a grammatical construction were not proficient in English. The district said they
(specifically, a "voice"). The noun or noun phrase were treating those students equal to other students.
that would be the object of an active sentence (such Became a United States Supreme Court case in
as Our troops defeated the enemy) but appears as which the Court unanimously decided that the lack of
the subject of a sentence or clause (e.g. The enemy supplemental language instruction in public school for
was defeated by our troops). students with limited English proficiency violated the
Civil Rights Act of 1964. Remedies were created to
protect LEP students across US and was protected
Diphthong - -a sound formed by the under federal law Equal Educational Opportunities
combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in Act of 1974
which the sound begins as one vowel and moves
toward another (as in coin, loud, and side ).
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS - -
State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a
Flapping - -Sound articulated by a quick touch violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore
of tongue against teeth or alveolar ridge. This may unconstitutional.
occur when /t/ or /d/ occurs between two vowels, as
in butter, writing, wedding, loader.
Plyler v. Doe - -a landmark decision holding
that states cannot constitutionally deny students a
Pidginization - -is a linguistic process that FREE public education on account of their
occurs when people who do not speak the same immigration status (legal or illegal). 1982 Supreme
language come into contact. Court struck down a state statute denying funding for
education to illegal immigrant children and at same
time struck down a municipal school district attempt
Redundancy Reduction - -It has been to charge illegal immigrant children an annual $1,000
suggested that a marked parameter in L1 might be tuition fee for lost state funding.
reset to an unmarked value in L2. The simple idea
behind this theory is that "when two languages come
into contact within the same psycholinguistic Castañeda standard - -mandates that programs
environment, the speaker is forced to solve the for language-minority students must be (1) based on
duplication of rules and functions in two languages a sound educational theory, (2) implemented
and simplify the cognitive overload" (p. 616). effectively with sufficient resources and personnel,
and (3) evaluated to determine whether they are
effective in helping students overcome language
Semiotics - -the study of signs and symbols barriers (Del Valle, 2003)
and their use or interpretation.
, PRAXIS II: ESOL 5362 Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Subtractive bilingualism - -in which the second
language is added at the expense of the first direct method of teaching - -which is
language sometimes called the natural method, and is often
(but not exclusively) used in teaching foreign
languages, refrains from using the learners' native
Semantic maps - -(or graphic organizers) are language and uses only the target language.
webs of words. The purpose of creating this is to
visually display the meaning-based connections
between a word or phrase and a set of related words Whole Language Approach - -This approach or
or concepts. philosophy uses a variety of methods to promote and
augment true reading comprehension.
Sheltered instruction - -An approach to
teaching English language learners which integrates Audio-lingualism - -is a method of foreign
language and content instruction. language teaching where the emphasis is on learning
grammatical and phonological structure, especially
for speaking and listening. It is based on behaviorism
Sociolinguistics - -is the descriptive study of and so relies on formation as a basis for learning,
the effect of any and all aspects of society, including through a great deal of mechanical repetition. The
cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way repetition and memorization of dialogues is a
language is used, and the effects of language use on common practice
society.
The SIlent Way - -(Gattegno) Theory of
Socio-pragmatic Competence - -- Ability to Learning: Learning is facilitated if the learner
recognize the effect of context on strings of linguistic discovers or problem solves. Students work co-
events and to use language appropriately in specific operatively and independently from teacher.
social situations. (In romance languages it is a
typically difficult for language learners is to master Theory of Language: Very structural- language is
the pronouns of address) taught in 'building blocks'..but syllabus is determined
by what learners need to communicate.
Affective Filter - -the term Stephen Krashen Teaching Method: Teacher should be as silent as
has used to refer to the complex of negative possible, modeling items just once. Language is
emotional and motivational factors that may interfere learnt inductively, L1 is allowed
with the reception and processing of comprehensible
input. Such factors include: anxiety, self-
consciousness, boredom, annoyance, alienation, and Total Physical Response (TPR) - -(James
so forth. Asher) Theory of Learning:Learners will learn better if
stress to produce language is reduced. Learners, like
children, learn from responding to verbal stimulus
notional-functional approach - -(Wilkins) in ESL
is a way of structuring a syllabus around real-life Theory of Language: Also structural. Mainly uses
situations in which people communicate, which are imperative ''everyday conversations are highly
further broken down into specific aims of abstract and disconnected; therefore to understand
communication; Provides learners with the concepts them requires a rather advanced internalisation of the
they would use in their daily lives (good for adult target language.'
learners)
Teaching Method: Teachers role not so much to
teach as provide opportunities for learning. But very
Constructivist teaching - -is based on the belief Performance Based Assessment - -Adaptable
that learning occurs as learners are actively involved instruments and are often suitable measures of
in a process of meaning and knowledge construction students' knowledge in
as opposed to passively receiving information. content classes. Measures students' ability to apply
Learners are the makers of meaning and knowledge. the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units
of study.
Negative Transfer - -Which occurs when
speakers and writers transfer items and structures IATEFL - -International Association of Teachers
that are not the same in both languages. In English, of English as a Foreign Language is an organization
a verb that expresses a state of being (e.g., "I am") is in the field of English language learning and teaching.
used to indicate the age of a person, whereas in It is based in Britain and was founded in 1967.
several other languages, a verb that indicates
possession (e.g., "I have") is used.
Linguisitic Approach - -a method which
assumes that all children have a strong grasp of oral
Code switching - -the practice of alternating L1. Which is then an associative tool for words and
between two or more languages or varieties of spelling patterns.
language in conversation. "Spanglish"
Language Experience - -In this approach,
Achievement test - -a test of developed skill or students orally relate their personal experiences to
knowledge. The most common type is a standardized the teacher; the teacher transcribes these
test developed to measure skills and knowledge experiences, complete with errors, and then develops
learned in a given grade level, usually through other reading and writing activities based on the
planned instruction, such as training or classroom transcription. This approach allows for the
instruction. development of materials and activities based on
student interests and appropriate to student
comprehension levels since they are student
Summative assessment - -typically given to generated—without particular attention being paid to
children after a specific point in instruction to form or error correction.
measure their understanding of a subject. High
stakes, a midterm exam. a final project.
Basal Reading Approach - -a technique used to
teach children reading skills. ... Commonly called
Diagnostic assessments - -(also known as pre- "reading books" or "readers," The readers are short
assessments) provide instructors with information stories, including individual books for learners, a
about student's prior knowledge and misconceptions teacher's edition, workbooks, assessments and
before beginning a learning activity activities for a specific reading level.
Formative assessment - -including diagnostic Allophone - -any of the speech sounds that
testing, is a range of formal and informal assessment represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k
procedures conducted by teachers during the in kit and the unaspirated k in skit.
learning process in order to modify teaching and
learning activities to improve student attainment.
(thumbs up/down, show me) Palatalization - -When tongue is on palate and
goes to front of mouth; a sound change that either
results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front
,PRAXIS II: ESOL 5362 Study Guide with Complete Solutions
vowel, or is triggered by one of them. This involves
change in the place or manner of articulation of
consonants, or the fronting or raising of vowels. Behaviorism - -the theory that human and
example: got you become gotche animal behavior can be explained in terms of
conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings,
and that psychological disorders are best treated by
Phoneme - -any of the perceptually distinct altering behavior patterns. (BF Skinner)
units of sound in a specified language that
distinguish one word from another, for example p, b,
d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat. Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974), - -Chinese
students in San Fran were placed in mainstream
classroom and were left to sink or swim since they
Passive voice - -a grammatical construction were not proficient in English. The district said they
(specifically, a "voice"). The noun or noun phrase were treating those students equal to other students.
that would be the object of an active sentence (such Became a United States Supreme Court case in
as Our troops defeated the enemy) but appears as which the Court unanimously decided that the lack of
the subject of a sentence or clause (e.g. The enemy supplemental language instruction in public school for
was defeated by our troops). students with limited English proficiency violated the
Civil Rights Act of 1964. Remedies were created to
protect LEP students across US and was protected
Diphthong - -a sound formed by the under federal law Equal Educational Opportunities
combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in Act of 1974
which the sound begins as one vowel and moves
toward another (as in coin, loud, and side ).
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS - -
State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a
Flapping - -Sound articulated by a quick touch violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore
of tongue against teeth or alveolar ridge. This may unconstitutional.
occur when /t/ or /d/ occurs between two vowels, as
in butter, writing, wedding, loader.
Plyler v. Doe - -a landmark decision holding
that states cannot constitutionally deny students a
Pidginization - -is a linguistic process that FREE public education on account of their
occurs when people who do not speak the same immigration status (legal or illegal). 1982 Supreme
language come into contact. Court struck down a state statute denying funding for
education to illegal immigrant children and at same
time struck down a municipal school district attempt
Redundancy Reduction - -It has been to charge illegal immigrant children an annual $1,000
suggested that a marked parameter in L1 might be tuition fee for lost state funding.
reset to an unmarked value in L2. The simple idea
behind this theory is that "when two languages come
into contact within the same psycholinguistic Castañeda standard - -mandates that programs
environment, the speaker is forced to solve the for language-minority students must be (1) based on
duplication of rules and functions in two languages a sound educational theory, (2) implemented
and simplify the cognitive overload" (p. 616). effectively with sufficient resources and personnel,
and (3) evaluated to determine whether they are
effective in helping students overcome language
Semiotics - -the study of signs and symbols barriers (Del Valle, 2003)
and their use or interpretation.
, PRAXIS II: ESOL 5362 Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Subtractive bilingualism - -in which the second
language is added at the expense of the first direct method of teaching - -which is
language sometimes called the natural method, and is often
(but not exclusively) used in teaching foreign
languages, refrains from using the learners' native
Semantic maps - -(or graphic organizers) are language and uses only the target language.
webs of words. The purpose of creating this is to
visually display the meaning-based connections
between a word or phrase and a set of related words Whole Language Approach - -This approach or
or concepts. philosophy uses a variety of methods to promote and
augment true reading comprehension.
Sheltered instruction - -An approach to
teaching English language learners which integrates Audio-lingualism - -is a method of foreign
language and content instruction. language teaching where the emphasis is on learning
grammatical and phonological structure, especially
for speaking and listening. It is based on behaviorism
Sociolinguistics - -is the descriptive study of and so relies on formation as a basis for learning,
the effect of any and all aspects of society, including through a great deal of mechanical repetition. The
cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way repetition and memorization of dialogues is a
language is used, and the effects of language use on common practice
society.
The SIlent Way - -(Gattegno) Theory of
Socio-pragmatic Competence - -- Ability to Learning: Learning is facilitated if the learner
recognize the effect of context on strings of linguistic discovers or problem solves. Students work co-
events and to use language appropriately in specific operatively and independently from teacher.
social situations. (In romance languages it is a
typically difficult for language learners is to master Theory of Language: Very structural- language is
the pronouns of address) taught in 'building blocks'..but syllabus is determined
by what learners need to communicate.
Affective Filter - -the term Stephen Krashen Teaching Method: Teacher should be as silent as
has used to refer to the complex of negative possible, modeling items just once. Language is
emotional and motivational factors that may interfere learnt inductively, L1 is allowed
with the reception and processing of comprehensible
input. Such factors include: anxiety, self-
consciousness, boredom, annoyance, alienation, and Total Physical Response (TPR) - -(James
so forth. Asher) Theory of Learning:Learners will learn better if
stress to produce language is reduced. Learners, like
children, learn from responding to verbal stimulus
notional-functional approach - -(Wilkins) in ESL
is a way of structuring a syllabus around real-life Theory of Language: Also structural. Mainly uses
situations in which people communicate, which are imperative ''everyday conversations are highly
further broken down into specific aims of abstract and disconnected; therefore to understand
communication; Provides learners with the concepts them requires a rather advanced internalisation of the
they would use in their daily lives (good for adult target language.'
learners)
Teaching Method: Teachers role not so much to
teach as provide opportunities for learning. But very
