WGU C180 Introduction to
Psychology Exam |WGU C180 intro
to Psychology| Questions with Correct
Detailed Answers
1. Empirical study - ANSWER✔️Results of verifiable evidence from a
systematic collection and analysis of data that has been objectively observed,
measured, and undergone experimentation.
2. Basic research - ANSWER✔️research that answers fundamental questions
about behavior.
3. Applied research - ANSWER✔️research that investigates issues that have
implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems.
4. Basic research - ANSWER✔️Expands knowledge on an area of research
interest but does not seek to promote change in behavior or mental state.
5. Empirical Research - ANSWER✔️Collects and analyzes data on areas of
research interest using scientific measures to gain knowledge for
knowledge's sake or to promote changes in behavior or mental states.
6. Applied Research - ANSWER✔️Applies research findings towards well-
being, e.g. Change in behavior or mental state.
7. Mentalism - ANSWER✔️type of performing art in which the performer
appears to read the mind of another. Such powers may seem to be the result
of psychic or paranormal practices, but in reality is the result of a
combination of suggestion, misdirection, and psychology.
8. Hypnosis - ANSWER✔️a therapeutic technique employed by some
clinicians to facilitate increased suggestibility and dissociated experiences.
9. Consciousness - ANSWER✔️our subjective awareness of ourselves and our
environment.
,10.Dualism - ANSWER✔️the mind (or soul) and the body are separate entities
11.Monism - ANSWER✔️consciousness and the mind are biologically based
and exist within the brain
12.Cognitive neuroscience - ANSWER✔️looks to correlate brain activity to
behavior through the use of functional brain imaging
13.Negative emotional reactions - ANSWER✔️occur when we are not living
up to our anticipated goals or expectations or when we believe that other
people perceive us negatively
14.Maladaptive behaviors - ANSWER✔️use of alcohol or other psychoactive
drugs, to escape from consciousness
15.Developmental psychology - ANSWER✔️the physiological, behavioral,
cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are
guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and environmental
influences (nurture).
16.Birth to 18 months - ANSWER✔️Trust versus mistrust. The child develops
a feeling of trust in his or her caregivers.
17.18 months to 3 years - ANSWER✔️Autonomy versus shame/doubt. The
child learns what he or she can and cannot control and develops a sense of
free will.
18.3 to 6 years - ANSWER✔️Initiative versus guilt. The child learns to be
independent by exploring, manipulating, and taking action.
19.6 to 12 years - ANSWER✔️Industry versus inferiority. The child learns to
do things well or correctly according to standards set by others, particularly
in school.
20.12 to 18 years - ANSWER✔️Identity versus role confusion. The adolescent
develops a well-defined and positive sense of self in relationship to others.
,21.19 to 40 years - ANSWER✔️Intimacy versus isolation. The person develops
the ability to give and receive love and to make long-term commitments.
22.40 to 65 years - ANSWER✔️Generativity versus stagnation. The person
develops an interest in guiding the development of the next generation, often
by becoming a parent.
23.65 to death - ANSWER✔️Ego integrity versus despair. The person develops
acceptance of his or her life as it was lived.
24.Schemas - ANSWER✔️patterns of knowledge in long-term memory—that
help them remember, organize, and respond to information.
25.Classical conditioning - ANSWER✔️learning that occurs when a neutral
stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that
naturally produces a specific behavior. (Pavlov)
26.Classical conditioning - ANSWER✔️a type of associative learning that
focuses on what happens before the behavior occurs. It must begin with a
stimulus that naturally evokes a behavior in response. (Pavlov)
27.Unconditioned stimulus - ANSWER✔️something (such as food) that
triggers a natural occurring response
28.Unconditioned response - ANSWER✔️naturally occurring response (such
as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus
29.Conditioned stimulus - ANSWER✔️a neutral stimulus that, after being
repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a response
similar to the response to the unconditioned stimulus.
30.Extinction - ANSWER✔️reduction in responding that occurs when the
conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned
stimulus.
31.Spontaneous recovery - ANSWER✔️The increase in responding to the CS
following a pause after extinction
, 32.Generalization - ANSWER✔️the tendency to respond to stimuli that
resemble the original conditioned stimulus
33.Discrimination - ANSWER✔️the tendency to respond differently to stimuli
that are similar but not identical
34.Second order conditioning - ANSWER✔️an existing conditioned stimulus
can serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned
stimulus
35.Operant conditioning - ANSWER✔️learning that occurs on the bases of the
consequences of behavior and can involve the learning of new behaviors.
36.Operant conditioning - ANSWER✔️the process of learning a new behavior
by noticing the consequences of that behavior.
37.Law of effect - ANSWER✔️the principle that responses that create a
typically pleasant outcome in a particular situation are more likely to occur
again in a similar situation, whereas responses that produce a typically
unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situation.
(Thorndike)
38.Skinner box or operant chamber - ANSWER✔️a structure that is big enough
to fit a rodent or bird and that contains a bar or key that the organism can
press or peck to release food or water.
39.Reinforcer - ANSWER✔️any event that strengthens or increases the
likelihood of a behavior
40.Punisher - ANSWER✔️any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood
of a behavior.
41.Positive reinforcement - ANSWER✔️Add or increase a pleasant stimulus.
Behavior is strengthened. I.e. Giving a student a prize after he gets an A on a
test.
Psychology Exam |WGU C180 intro
to Psychology| Questions with Correct
Detailed Answers
1. Empirical study - ANSWER✔️Results of verifiable evidence from a
systematic collection and analysis of data that has been objectively observed,
measured, and undergone experimentation.
2. Basic research - ANSWER✔️research that answers fundamental questions
about behavior.
3. Applied research - ANSWER✔️research that investigates issues that have
implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems.
4. Basic research - ANSWER✔️Expands knowledge on an area of research
interest but does not seek to promote change in behavior or mental state.
5. Empirical Research - ANSWER✔️Collects and analyzes data on areas of
research interest using scientific measures to gain knowledge for
knowledge's sake or to promote changes in behavior or mental states.
6. Applied Research - ANSWER✔️Applies research findings towards well-
being, e.g. Change in behavior or mental state.
7. Mentalism - ANSWER✔️type of performing art in which the performer
appears to read the mind of another. Such powers may seem to be the result
of psychic or paranormal practices, but in reality is the result of a
combination of suggestion, misdirection, and psychology.
8. Hypnosis - ANSWER✔️a therapeutic technique employed by some
clinicians to facilitate increased suggestibility and dissociated experiences.
9. Consciousness - ANSWER✔️our subjective awareness of ourselves and our
environment.
,10.Dualism - ANSWER✔️the mind (or soul) and the body are separate entities
11.Monism - ANSWER✔️consciousness and the mind are biologically based
and exist within the brain
12.Cognitive neuroscience - ANSWER✔️looks to correlate brain activity to
behavior through the use of functional brain imaging
13.Negative emotional reactions - ANSWER✔️occur when we are not living
up to our anticipated goals or expectations or when we believe that other
people perceive us negatively
14.Maladaptive behaviors - ANSWER✔️use of alcohol or other psychoactive
drugs, to escape from consciousness
15.Developmental psychology - ANSWER✔️the physiological, behavioral,
cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are
guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and environmental
influences (nurture).
16.Birth to 18 months - ANSWER✔️Trust versus mistrust. The child develops
a feeling of trust in his or her caregivers.
17.18 months to 3 years - ANSWER✔️Autonomy versus shame/doubt. The
child learns what he or she can and cannot control and develops a sense of
free will.
18.3 to 6 years - ANSWER✔️Initiative versus guilt. The child learns to be
independent by exploring, manipulating, and taking action.
19.6 to 12 years - ANSWER✔️Industry versus inferiority. The child learns to
do things well or correctly according to standards set by others, particularly
in school.
20.12 to 18 years - ANSWER✔️Identity versus role confusion. The adolescent
develops a well-defined and positive sense of self in relationship to others.
,21.19 to 40 years - ANSWER✔️Intimacy versus isolation. The person develops
the ability to give and receive love and to make long-term commitments.
22.40 to 65 years - ANSWER✔️Generativity versus stagnation. The person
develops an interest in guiding the development of the next generation, often
by becoming a parent.
23.65 to death - ANSWER✔️Ego integrity versus despair. The person develops
acceptance of his or her life as it was lived.
24.Schemas - ANSWER✔️patterns of knowledge in long-term memory—that
help them remember, organize, and respond to information.
25.Classical conditioning - ANSWER✔️learning that occurs when a neutral
stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that
naturally produces a specific behavior. (Pavlov)
26.Classical conditioning - ANSWER✔️a type of associative learning that
focuses on what happens before the behavior occurs. It must begin with a
stimulus that naturally evokes a behavior in response. (Pavlov)
27.Unconditioned stimulus - ANSWER✔️something (such as food) that
triggers a natural occurring response
28.Unconditioned response - ANSWER✔️naturally occurring response (such
as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus
29.Conditioned stimulus - ANSWER✔️a neutral stimulus that, after being
repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a response
similar to the response to the unconditioned stimulus.
30.Extinction - ANSWER✔️reduction in responding that occurs when the
conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned
stimulus.
31.Spontaneous recovery - ANSWER✔️The increase in responding to the CS
following a pause after extinction
, 32.Generalization - ANSWER✔️the tendency to respond to stimuli that
resemble the original conditioned stimulus
33.Discrimination - ANSWER✔️the tendency to respond differently to stimuli
that are similar but not identical
34.Second order conditioning - ANSWER✔️an existing conditioned stimulus
can serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned
stimulus
35.Operant conditioning - ANSWER✔️learning that occurs on the bases of the
consequences of behavior and can involve the learning of new behaviors.
36.Operant conditioning - ANSWER✔️the process of learning a new behavior
by noticing the consequences of that behavior.
37.Law of effect - ANSWER✔️the principle that responses that create a
typically pleasant outcome in a particular situation are more likely to occur
again in a similar situation, whereas responses that produce a typically
unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situation.
(Thorndike)
38.Skinner box or operant chamber - ANSWER✔️a structure that is big enough
to fit a rodent or bird and that contains a bar or key that the organism can
press or peck to release food or water.
39.Reinforcer - ANSWER✔️any event that strengthens or increases the
likelihood of a behavior
40.Punisher - ANSWER✔️any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood
of a behavior.
41.Positive reinforcement - ANSWER✔️Add or increase a pleasant stimulus.
Behavior is strengthened. I.e. Giving a student a prize after he gets an A on a
test.
