,Table of Contents
Partial table of contents:
Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds.
Representative Carbon Compounds.
An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases.
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules.
Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules.
Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis.
Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions.
Radical Reactions.
Alcohols and Ethers.
Conjugated Unsaturated Systems.
Aromatic Compounds.
Reactions of Aromatic Compounds.
Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group.
Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions.
Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl
Carbon.
Amines.
Carbohydrates.
Lipids.
Answers to Selected Problems.
Glossary.
Index.
,Solomons/SoloCh01
C OMPOUNDS AND C HEMICAL B ONDS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1. Organic chemistry /is /the /study /of /the /compounds /of /carbon.
2. The /compounds /of /carbon /are /the /central /substances /of /which /all /living /things /on
/ this /planet /are /made.
1) DNA: the /giant /molecules /that /contain /all /the /genetic /information /for /a /given
/species.
2) proteins: blood, /muscle, /and /skin.
3) enzymes: catalyze /the /reactions /that /occur /in /our /bodies.
4) furnish /the /energy /that /sustains /life.
3. Billion /years /ago /most /of /the /carbon /atoms /on /the /earth /existed /as /CH4:
1) CH4, /H2O, /NH3, /H2 /were /the /main /components /of /the /primordial /atmosphere.
2) Electrical /discharges /and /other /forms /of /highly /energetic /radiation /caused /these
/simple /compounds /to /fragment /into /highly /reactive /pieces /which /combine /into
/more /complex /compounds /such /as /amino /acids, /formaldehyde, /hydrogen /cyanide,
/purines, /and /pyrimidines.
3) Amino /acids /reacted /with /each /other /to /form /the /first /protein.
4) Formaldehyde /reacted /with /each /other /to /become /sugars, /and /some /of /these
/sugars, /together /with /inorganic /phosphates, /combined /with /purines /and
/pyrimidines /to /become /simple /molecules /of /ribonucleic /acids /(RNAs) /and /DNA.
4. We /live /in /an /Age /of /Organic /Chemistry:
1) clothing: / / natural /or /synthetic /substance.
2) household /items:
3) automobiles:
4) medicines:
5) pesticides:
5. Pollutions:
1) insecticides: / / / natural /or /synthetic /substance.
2) PCBs:
~1~
, Solomons/SoloCh01
3) dioxins:
4) CFCs:
1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AS A SCIENCE
/ / / / / / /
1. The /ancient /Egyptians /used /indigo /(藍靛) /and /alizarin /(茜素) /to /dye /cloth.
2. The /Phoenicians /(腓尼基人) /used /the /famous /“royal /purple /(深藍紫色)”, /obtained
/ from /mollusks /(墨魚、章魚、貝殼等軟體動物), /as /a /dyestuff.
3. As /a /science, /organic /chemistry /is /less /than /200 /years /old.
1.2A Vitalism
“Organic” /––– /derived /from /living /organism (In /1770, /Torbern /Bergman, /Swedish
/ chemist)
the /study /of /compounds /extracted /from /living /organisms
such /compounds /needed /“vital /force” /to /create /them
1. In /1828, /Friedrich /Wöhler /Discovered:
O
NH4+ / −OCN heat
H 2N C NH2
Ammonium /cyanate Urea
/(inorganic) (organic)
1.2 B Empirical and Molecular Formulas
/ / /
1. In / 1784 / Antoine / Lavoisier / ( / 法國化學家拉瓦錫) / first / showed / that
/ organic /compounds /were /composed /primarily /of /carbon, /hydrogen, /and /oxygen.
2. Between /1811 /and /1831, /quantitative /methods /for /determining /the /composition /of
~2~
Partial table of contents:
Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds.
Representative Carbon Compounds.
An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases.
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules.
Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules.
Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis.
Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions.
Radical Reactions.
Alcohols and Ethers.
Conjugated Unsaturated Systems.
Aromatic Compounds.
Reactions of Aromatic Compounds.
Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group.
Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions.
Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl
Carbon.
Amines.
Carbohydrates.
Lipids.
Answers to Selected Problems.
Glossary.
Index.
,Solomons/SoloCh01
C OMPOUNDS AND C HEMICAL B ONDS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1. Organic chemistry /is /the /study /of /the /compounds /of /carbon.
2. The /compounds /of /carbon /are /the /central /substances /of /which /all /living /things /on
/ this /planet /are /made.
1) DNA: the /giant /molecules /that /contain /all /the /genetic /information /for /a /given
/species.
2) proteins: blood, /muscle, /and /skin.
3) enzymes: catalyze /the /reactions /that /occur /in /our /bodies.
4) furnish /the /energy /that /sustains /life.
3. Billion /years /ago /most /of /the /carbon /atoms /on /the /earth /existed /as /CH4:
1) CH4, /H2O, /NH3, /H2 /were /the /main /components /of /the /primordial /atmosphere.
2) Electrical /discharges /and /other /forms /of /highly /energetic /radiation /caused /these
/simple /compounds /to /fragment /into /highly /reactive /pieces /which /combine /into
/more /complex /compounds /such /as /amino /acids, /formaldehyde, /hydrogen /cyanide,
/purines, /and /pyrimidines.
3) Amino /acids /reacted /with /each /other /to /form /the /first /protein.
4) Formaldehyde /reacted /with /each /other /to /become /sugars, /and /some /of /these
/sugars, /together /with /inorganic /phosphates, /combined /with /purines /and
/pyrimidines /to /become /simple /molecules /of /ribonucleic /acids /(RNAs) /and /DNA.
4. We /live /in /an /Age /of /Organic /Chemistry:
1) clothing: / / natural /or /synthetic /substance.
2) household /items:
3) automobiles:
4) medicines:
5) pesticides:
5. Pollutions:
1) insecticides: / / / natural /or /synthetic /substance.
2) PCBs:
~1~
, Solomons/SoloCh01
3) dioxins:
4) CFCs:
1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AS A SCIENCE
/ / / / / / /
1. The /ancient /Egyptians /used /indigo /(藍靛) /and /alizarin /(茜素) /to /dye /cloth.
2. The /Phoenicians /(腓尼基人) /used /the /famous /“royal /purple /(深藍紫色)”, /obtained
/ from /mollusks /(墨魚、章魚、貝殼等軟體動物), /as /a /dyestuff.
3. As /a /science, /organic /chemistry /is /less /than /200 /years /old.
1.2A Vitalism
“Organic” /––– /derived /from /living /organism (In /1770, /Torbern /Bergman, /Swedish
/ chemist)
the /study /of /compounds /extracted /from /living /organisms
such /compounds /needed /“vital /force” /to /create /them
1. In /1828, /Friedrich /Wöhler /Discovered:
O
NH4+ / −OCN heat
H 2N C NH2
Ammonium /cyanate Urea
/(inorganic) (organic)
1.2 B Empirical and Molecular Formulas
/ / /
1. In / 1784 / Antoine / Lavoisier / ( / 法國化學家拉瓦錫) / first / showed / that
/ organic /compounds /were /composed /primarily /of /carbon, /hydrogen, /and /oxygen.
2. Between /1811 /and /1831, /quantitative /methods /for /determining /the /composition /of
~2~
