Advanced Pathophysiology UPDATED ACTUAL Questions
and CORRECT Answers
Absolute polycythemia excessive red blood cell production; a physiologic response resulting from
increased erythropoietin secretion in response to chronic hypoxia or as a
symptom of polycythemia vera.
Absorption atelectasis see Atelectasis.
Acid maltase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that damages muscle and nerve cells
II or Pompe disease) throughout the body by an accumulation of glycogen in the lysosome attributable
to deficiency of the lysosomal acid a-glucosidase enzyme. The buildup of
glycogen causes progressive muscle weakness (myopathy) throughout the body
and affects various body tissues, particularly in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver,
and nervous system.
Acne a common skin disease characterized by pimples on the face, chest, and back. It
occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and
bacteria.
Acne conglobata severe cystic acne characterized by cystic lesions, abscesses, communicating
sinuses, and thickened, nodular scars; usually does not affect the face.
Acne rosacea a chronic form of dermatitis of the face in which the middle portion of the face
appears red with small red lines caused by dilation of capillaries.
Acne vulgaris an inflammatory eruption of the sebaceous follicles usually occurring on the face,
upper back, and chest that consists of blackheads, cysts, papules, and pustules.
Noninflammatory acne open comedones caused by the enlargement and dilation of a plug resulting from
the accumulation of oil and dead skin cells inside the hair follicle and by closed
comedones that form if the hair follicle pore remains closed; they appear as a tiny,
sometimes pink bump in the skin.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) see Immune deficiency.
Acquired sideroblastic anemia see Anemia.
ACTH deficiency a condition characterized by decreased or absent production of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, resulting in a
reduction in the secretion of adrenal hormones and subsequent weight loss, lack
of appetite, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure.
Actinic keratosis a condition in which a premalignant small, reddish, rough spot appears on skin
chronically exposed to the sun.
, Acute chest syndrome a syndrome occurring in association with sickle cell disease defined by a new
infiltrate on chest radiograph; associated with one or more new symptoms: fever,
cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia. It occurs most commonly in the
2- to 4-year-old age group and declines in incidence with age.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome) a massive dilation of the large bowel that occurs in critically ill patients and
immobilized older adults. It is characterized by significant dilation of the cecum
and absence of mechanical obstruction, and is related to excessive sympathetic
motor input or decreased parasympathetic motor input.
Acute confusional state (ACS) a form of delirium caused by interference with the metabolic or other biochemical
processes essential for normal brain functioning. Symptoms may include
disturbances in cognition and levels of awareness, short-term memory deficit,
retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and disturbances in orientation,
accompanied by restlessness, apprehension, irritability, and apathy. The condition
may be associated with an acute physiologic state, delirium, toxic psychosis, or
acute brain syndrome.
Acute coronary syndrome a classification encompassing clinical presentations ranging from unstable angina
through infarction.
Acute cystitis an inflammation of the bladder, which is the most common site of urinary tract
infection.
Acute epiglottitis an infection that causes inflammation of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues and
may lead to upper airway blockage.
Acute gastritis an inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa, usually caused by injury of the
protective mucosal barrier by drugs, chemicals, or Helicobacter pylori infection.
Acute glomerulonephritis see Glomerulonephritis.
Acute gouty arthritis an abrupt pain of a joint, most often the great toe, which is swollen, hot, and shiny
secondary to an attack of gout.
Acute idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura see Thrombocytopenia.
(TTP)
Acute leukemia see Leukemia.
Acute liver failure (fulminant liver failure) a rare clinical syndrome resulting from severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells
without preexisting liver disease or cirrhosis. Acetaminophen overdose is the
leading cause.
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress a spectrum of acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.
syndrome (ARDS)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) see Leukemia.
and CORRECT Answers
Absolute polycythemia excessive red blood cell production; a physiologic response resulting from
increased erythropoietin secretion in response to chronic hypoxia or as a
symptom of polycythemia vera.
Absorption atelectasis see Atelectasis.
Acid maltase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that damages muscle and nerve cells
II or Pompe disease) throughout the body by an accumulation of glycogen in the lysosome attributable
to deficiency of the lysosomal acid a-glucosidase enzyme. The buildup of
glycogen causes progressive muscle weakness (myopathy) throughout the body
and affects various body tissues, particularly in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver,
and nervous system.
Acne a common skin disease characterized by pimples on the face, chest, and back. It
occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and
bacteria.
Acne conglobata severe cystic acne characterized by cystic lesions, abscesses, communicating
sinuses, and thickened, nodular scars; usually does not affect the face.
Acne rosacea a chronic form of dermatitis of the face in which the middle portion of the face
appears red with small red lines caused by dilation of capillaries.
Acne vulgaris an inflammatory eruption of the sebaceous follicles usually occurring on the face,
upper back, and chest that consists of blackheads, cysts, papules, and pustules.
Noninflammatory acne open comedones caused by the enlargement and dilation of a plug resulting from
the accumulation of oil and dead skin cells inside the hair follicle and by closed
comedones that form if the hair follicle pore remains closed; they appear as a tiny,
sometimes pink bump in the skin.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) see Immune deficiency.
Acquired sideroblastic anemia see Anemia.
ACTH deficiency a condition characterized by decreased or absent production of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, resulting in a
reduction in the secretion of adrenal hormones and subsequent weight loss, lack
of appetite, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure.
Actinic keratosis a condition in which a premalignant small, reddish, rough spot appears on skin
chronically exposed to the sun.
, Acute chest syndrome a syndrome occurring in association with sickle cell disease defined by a new
infiltrate on chest radiograph; associated with one or more new symptoms: fever,
cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia. It occurs most commonly in the
2- to 4-year-old age group and declines in incidence with age.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome) a massive dilation of the large bowel that occurs in critically ill patients and
immobilized older adults. It is characterized by significant dilation of the cecum
and absence of mechanical obstruction, and is related to excessive sympathetic
motor input or decreased parasympathetic motor input.
Acute confusional state (ACS) a form of delirium caused by interference with the metabolic or other biochemical
processes essential for normal brain functioning. Symptoms may include
disturbances in cognition and levels of awareness, short-term memory deficit,
retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and disturbances in orientation,
accompanied by restlessness, apprehension, irritability, and apathy. The condition
may be associated with an acute physiologic state, delirium, toxic psychosis, or
acute brain syndrome.
Acute coronary syndrome a classification encompassing clinical presentations ranging from unstable angina
through infarction.
Acute cystitis an inflammation of the bladder, which is the most common site of urinary tract
infection.
Acute epiglottitis an infection that causes inflammation of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues and
may lead to upper airway blockage.
Acute gastritis an inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa, usually caused by injury of the
protective mucosal barrier by drugs, chemicals, or Helicobacter pylori infection.
Acute glomerulonephritis see Glomerulonephritis.
Acute gouty arthritis an abrupt pain of a joint, most often the great toe, which is swollen, hot, and shiny
secondary to an attack of gout.
Acute idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura see Thrombocytopenia.
(TTP)
Acute leukemia see Leukemia.
Acute liver failure (fulminant liver failure) a rare clinical syndrome resulting from severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells
without preexisting liver disease or cirrhosis. Acetaminophen overdose is the
leading cause.
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress a spectrum of acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.
syndrome (ARDS)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) see Leukemia.
