NURS 5315
NURS 5315: Adv Patho Exam 3 Set 1
Questions and Answers 2026
1
Cardiac Blood Flow
o from body
o Through:
♣ Vena cava
♣ Right atrium
♣ Tricuspid valve
♣ Right ventricle
♣ Pulmonic valve
♣ Pulmonary artery
o To lungs
♣ Pulmonary vein
♣ Left atrium
♣ Mitral valve
♣ Left ventricle
♣ Aortic valve
o Back to body
2
NURS 5315
,NURS 5315
Cardiac Anatomy
The heart is the size of a closed fist
2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
1/3 under the sternum
3
heart layers
Endocardium ( inner)
myocardium ( middle)
Pericardium ( outer)
4
Cardiac action potential: phase 0
rapid depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
5
Cardiac action potential: phase 1
initial repolarization of cells
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
6
Cardiac action potential: phase 2
NURS 5315
, NURS 5315
plateau phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum > myocardial
contraction
7
Cardiac action potential: phase 3
Rapid Repolarization w/ potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
8
Cardiac action potential: phase 4
resting membrane potential, -85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
9
Potassium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials
Hypokalemia-increased atrial preload leads to 1-3 degree blocks
Hyperkalemia-slows depolarization, leads to sunus bradycardia and junctional
rhythm
10
Calcium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials
NURS 5315
NURS 5315: Adv Patho Exam 3 Set 1
Questions and Answers 2026
1
Cardiac Blood Flow
o from body
o Through:
♣ Vena cava
♣ Right atrium
♣ Tricuspid valve
♣ Right ventricle
♣ Pulmonic valve
♣ Pulmonary artery
o To lungs
♣ Pulmonary vein
♣ Left atrium
♣ Mitral valve
♣ Left ventricle
♣ Aortic valve
o Back to body
2
NURS 5315
,NURS 5315
Cardiac Anatomy
The heart is the size of a closed fist
2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
1/3 under the sternum
3
heart layers
Endocardium ( inner)
myocardium ( middle)
Pericardium ( outer)
4
Cardiac action potential: phase 0
rapid depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
5
Cardiac action potential: phase 1
initial repolarization of cells
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
6
Cardiac action potential: phase 2
NURS 5315
, NURS 5315
plateau phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum > myocardial
contraction
7
Cardiac action potential: phase 3
Rapid Repolarization w/ potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
8
Cardiac action potential: phase 4
resting membrane potential, -85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
9
Potassium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials
Hypokalemia-increased atrial preload leads to 1-3 degree blocks
Hyperkalemia-slows depolarization, leads to sunus bradycardia and junctional
rhythm
10
Calcium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials
NURS 5315
