Sepsis Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, SIRS, Septic Shock, Hypovolemic Shock, Cardiogenic Shock, Distributive Shock, Neurogenic Shock, Anaphylactic Shock, MODS, Hemodynamic Monitoring, MAP, SVR, Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume, Central Venous Pressure, Lacta

Sepsis Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, SIRS, Septic Shock, Hypovolemic Shock, Cardiogenic Shock, Distributive Shock, Neurogenic Shock, Anaphylactic Shock, MODS, Hemodynamic Monitoring, MAP, SVR, Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume, Central Venous Pressure, Lactate, 1-Hour Sepsis Bundle, Oxygen Delivery, Fluid Resuscitation, Vasopressors, Inotropes, Triage, Early Recognition, Shock Stages, Organ Perfusion Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 What is the pathophysiology of sepsis? An extreme response to infection where the body is damaging its own tissues What types of patients are at the highest risk for sepsis? (5) - 65 - Immunocompromised - Children 1 - Chronic conditions ( diabetes, lung disease, cancer, kidney disease) - Sepsis survivors What are the six most common signs & symptoms of sepsis? (6) 1. High HR 2. Confusion/disorientation 3. Extreme pain 4. Fever & chills 5. SOB 6. Clammy/sweatyskin What interventions are done in the 1-hour bundle? (6) 1. Measure lactate level 2. Obtain blood culture before antibiotics 3. Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics 4. Begin rapid administration of 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate 4 mmol/L 5. Apply vasopressor if hypotensive during or after fluid resuscitation to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 65 mmHg 6. Remeasure lactate? If initial value was elevated What is a normal lactate level? 2 mmol/L Why is lactic acid released? Lack of oxygen What is shock? When oxygen and tissue perfusion is NOT ADEQUATE to maintain cellular function. What are factors that influence MAP? (3) - Volume (total blood volume) - Delivery (size of vascular bed) - Pump (CO) What is the normal value for MAP? 70-105 mmHg What is the goal MAP & SBP for shock? (2) - MAP 65 - SBP 90 What is Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)? Resistance of systemic vascular bed What happens when SVR decreases? (3) - VasoDILATION - Increase in size of vascular bed - Decrease MAP What happens with SVR increases? (3) - VasoCONSTRICTION - Decrease in size of vascular bed - Increase in MAP What is Stroke Volume (SV)? Amount of blood pumped into the aorta with each contraction of the left ventricle What is Cardiac Output (CO)? Stroke Volume X HR What is Central Venous Pressure (CVP)? (2) - Think preload - Reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart What is the normal value for CVP? 2-8 mmHg True or False, only one type of shock can be present at a given time? False, more than one type of shock can be present at the same time. What are the types of shock? (7) -Hypovolemic -Distributive -Obstructive -Cardiogenic -Anaphylactic -Sepsis -Neurogenic What are types of distributive shock? (3) - Neurogenic - Anaphylactic - Septic What is an example of obstructive shock? Tension pneumothorax What is cariogenic shock? - "Pump Failure" - Inability of the heart to pump blood out effectively, resulting in inadequate supply of O2 & nutrients to the heart and body tissues - Class 4 HF In class IV heart failure, what percentage of necrosis occurs? 40% of left ventricle What causes cariogenic shock? (4) · Myocardial Infarction · Cardiac Arrest · Vent