,1. True or False:
Hemoglobin A1C measures glucose control over the previous 6 months.
- A) True
- B) False
Answer: B) False
Rationale: The hemoglobin A1C test reflects average blood glucose levels over
approximately the previous 3 months, rather than 6. This corresponds to the
lifespan of the red blood cell (~120 days).
---
2. A 40-year-old female presents with amenorrhea and weight loss despite
increased appetite. Physical examination reveals exophthalmos, tachycardia,
and warm, moist skin. Each of the following laboratory abnormalities are
expected EXCEPT:
- A) Decreased TSH
- B) Increased free T4
- C) Increased TSH
- D) Positive TSH-receptor antibodies
Answer: C) Increased TSH
Rationale: In hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves' disease), TSH is typically suppressed
due to negative feedback from elevated free T4. Increased TSH would be
unexpected.
,---
3. __________ is defined as a blood glucose of less than 60 mg/dL, with
associated cognitive impairments.
- A) Hyperosmolar state
- B) Hypoglycemia
- C) Ketoacidosis
- D) Hyperglycemia
Answer: B) Hypoglycemia
Rationale: Hypoglycemia is characterized by blood glucose < 60 mg/dL and may
present with neuroglycopenic symptoms, including cognitive impairment.
---
4. A __________ test to assess sensation, vascular status, and skin integrity
should be administered annually on all diabetic patients.
- A) Fasting glucose
- B) Monofilament
- C) DEXA
- D) Nerve conduction study
Answer: B) Monofilament
, Rationale: The monofilament test is recommended annually to assess for
peripheral neuropathy and decreased sensation, critical for managing diabetic
foot complications.
---
5. __________ is diagnosed by hyperglycemia (blood glucose > 500 mg/dL),
hyperosmolarity, and dehydration, without ketoacidosis.
- A) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- B) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
- C) Hypoglycemic shock
- D) Addisonian crisis
Answer: B) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
Rationale: HHS is distinguished by severe hyperglycemia, marked hyperosmolarity,
and minimal or absent ketosis.
---
6. True or False:
Insulin promotes glycogenesis.
- A) True
- B) False
Answer: A) True
Hemoglobin A1C measures glucose control over the previous 6 months.
- A) True
- B) False
Answer: B) False
Rationale: The hemoglobin A1C test reflects average blood glucose levels over
approximately the previous 3 months, rather than 6. This corresponds to the
lifespan of the red blood cell (~120 days).
---
2. A 40-year-old female presents with amenorrhea and weight loss despite
increased appetite. Physical examination reveals exophthalmos, tachycardia,
and warm, moist skin. Each of the following laboratory abnormalities are
expected EXCEPT:
- A) Decreased TSH
- B) Increased free T4
- C) Increased TSH
- D) Positive TSH-receptor antibodies
Answer: C) Increased TSH
Rationale: In hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves' disease), TSH is typically suppressed
due to negative feedback from elevated free T4. Increased TSH would be
unexpected.
,---
3. __________ is defined as a blood glucose of less than 60 mg/dL, with
associated cognitive impairments.
- A) Hyperosmolar state
- B) Hypoglycemia
- C) Ketoacidosis
- D) Hyperglycemia
Answer: B) Hypoglycemia
Rationale: Hypoglycemia is characterized by blood glucose < 60 mg/dL and may
present with neuroglycopenic symptoms, including cognitive impairment.
---
4. A __________ test to assess sensation, vascular status, and skin integrity
should be administered annually on all diabetic patients.
- A) Fasting glucose
- B) Monofilament
- C) DEXA
- D) Nerve conduction study
Answer: B) Monofilament
, Rationale: The monofilament test is recommended annually to assess for
peripheral neuropathy and decreased sensation, critical for managing diabetic
foot complications.
---
5. __________ is diagnosed by hyperglycemia (blood glucose > 500 mg/dL),
hyperosmolarity, and dehydration, without ketoacidosis.
- A) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- B) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
- C) Hypoglycemic shock
- D) Addisonian crisis
Answer: B) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
Rationale: HHS is distinguished by severe hyperglycemia, marked hyperosmolarity,
and minimal or absent ketosis.
---
6. True or False:
Insulin promotes glycogenesis.
- A) True
- B) False
Answer: A) True
