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Updated 2 Version Exam + Study Guide
True & False Questions
Multiple Choice Questions and Answers
Expert-Verified Explanations
Table of Contents
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 1...............2
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 2.............18
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 1
1. Which of the following is characteristic of chronic transplant
rejection?
Choose matching definition
- it involves humoral immunity
- involves increased t lymphocytes
- can not occur months to years after transplant
- it is the active form of vitamin d, converted in the liver
Answer: it involves humoral immunity
Verified Rationale:
,Chronic transplant rejection is primarily mediated by humoral (antibody-
mediated) immune responses as well as alloantibody targeting of the graft
vasculature. Over time, this results in progressive vasculopathy and fibrosis
of the transplanted tissue. T lymphocytes can be involved, but the chronic
phase distinctively features antibody-mediated mechanisms. Chronic
rejection develops months to years after transplantation, and is a major
cause of late allograft failure.
---
2. A decrease in Na+ reabsorption is achieved through the action of
which of the following?
Choose matching definition
- nitrates
- diuretics
- antihistamines
- anticoagulants
Answer: diuretics
Verified Rationale:
Diuretics are a class of drugs specifically designed to reduce sodium
reabsorption in the renal tubules, resulting in increased excretion of sodium
and water. This pharmacological effect is utilized in treating hypertension,
heart failure, and edema by decreasing fluid volume.
---
3. Which of the following is/are true regarding acid-base disorders?
(mark all that apply)
Choose matching definition
, - Metabolic disorders are a result of a change in plasma HCO3- levels
- Respiratory disorders are a result of a change in plasma CO2 levels
- Normal blood pH = 7.35-7.45
Answer:
- Metabolic disorders are a result of a change in plasma HCO3- levels
- Respiratory disorders are a result of a change in plasma CO2 levels
- Normal blood pH = 7.35-7.45
Verified Rationale:
Acid-base balance is tightly maintained through respiratory control of CO₂
and renal control of HCO₃⁻. Disorders involving bicarbonate levels (HCO₃⁻)
are classified as metabolic, while those involving CO₂ are classified as
respiratory. Normal arterial blood pH is 7.35-7.45.
---
4. A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints
of sharp pain that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of
the abdomen. Their skin is clammy, and they have been
experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long. They have a history
of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8. A CT scan
is ordered, and it reveals a stone 4 mm in diameter. What type of
renal calculi do you suspect? What treatment is needed? Explain your
reasoning for both answers.
Choose matching definition
- The patient has a magnesium ammonium phosphate stone given the
elevated pH of their urine. These types of stones are the result of a UTI
caused by bacteria that contains urease. Urease breaks urea down to form
ammonia which raises the pH of the urine. This patient has a history of UTIs
so this should be taken into consideration. This patient does not require a
Updated 2 Version Exam + Study Guide
True & False Questions
Multiple Choice Questions and Answers
Expert-Verified Explanations
Table of Contents
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 1...............2
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 2.............18
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 1
1. Which of the following is characteristic of chronic transplant
rejection?
Choose matching definition
- it involves humoral immunity
- involves increased t lymphocytes
- can not occur months to years after transplant
- it is the active form of vitamin d, converted in the liver
Answer: it involves humoral immunity
Verified Rationale:
,Chronic transplant rejection is primarily mediated by humoral (antibody-
mediated) immune responses as well as alloantibody targeting of the graft
vasculature. Over time, this results in progressive vasculopathy and fibrosis
of the transplanted tissue. T lymphocytes can be involved, but the chronic
phase distinctively features antibody-mediated mechanisms. Chronic
rejection develops months to years after transplantation, and is a major
cause of late allograft failure.
---
2. A decrease in Na+ reabsorption is achieved through the action of
which of the following?
Choose matching definition
- nitrates
- diuretics
- antihistamines
- anticoagulants
Answer: diuretics
Verified Rationale:
Diuretics are a class of drugs specifically designed to reduce sodium
reabsorption in the renal tubules, resulting in increased excretion of sodium
and water. This pharmacological effect is utilized in treating hypertension,
heart failure, and edema by decreasing fluid volume.
---
3. Which of the following is/are true regarding acid-base disorders?
(mark all that apply)
Choose matching definition
, - Metabolic disorders are a result of a change in plasma HCO3- levels
- Respiratory disorders are a result of a change in plasma CO2 levels
- Normal blood pH = 7.35-7.45
Answer:
- Metabolic disorders are a result of a change in plasma HCO3- levels
- Respiratory disorders are a result of a change in plasma CO2 levels
- Normal blood pH = 7.35-7.45
Verified Rationale:
Acid-base balance is tightly maintained through respiratory control of CO₂
and renal control of HCO₃⁻. Disorders involving bicarbonate levels (HCO₃⁻)
are classified as metabolic, while those involving CO₂ are classified as
respiratory. Normal arterial blood pH is 7.35-7.45.
---
4. A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints
of sharp pain that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of
the abdomen. Their skin is clammy, and they have been
experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long. They have a history
of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8. A CT scan
is ordered, and it reveals a stone 4 mm in diameter. What type of
renal calculi do you suspect? What treatment is needed? Explain your
reasoning for both answers.
Choose matching definition
- The patient has a magnesium ammonium phosphate stone given the
elevated pH of their urine. These types of stones are the result of a UTI
caused by bacteria that contains urease. Urease breaks urea down to form
ammonia which raises the pH of the urine. This patient has a history of UTIs
so this should be taken into consideration. This patient does not require a
