NR 658 EXAMINATION PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS AND EXPERT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ What is the most important component in a GIS? Answer: People
◉ 5 Core components of GIS Answer: People: most important,
develop procedures
Data: needed, accuracy can affect results
Hardware: processing sped and capability
Software: GIS, database, drawing,
statistical, imaging and other packages
Procedures: requires well defined, consistent
methods, to produce correct and reproducible
,results
◉ Map Answer: -Cartographic representation of geographic reality
-model of locations and distributions of geographic features
-dimensionally proportional to reality.
◉ Characteristics of a map Answer: extent
legend
scale
projection
coordinate system
datum
◉ GIS also explained by having these 3 elements Answer: Geometry,
Attributes, Behavior
◉ Geometry Answer: Represent geographic features
associated real-world locations
◉ Attributes Answer: The descriptive characteristics
,of the geographic features
◉ Behavior Answer: Geographic features can be
made to allow certain types of
editing, display, or analysis,
depending on what the user
defines
◉ How long has GIS been around? Answer: Since ancient cave
drawings (~3,000 yrs ago), Stone Age
◉ What was the first nation to develop a GIS? Answer: Canada:
analyze data
collected by the Canada Land
Inventory (CLI) to produce
statistics for use in developing
land management plans for
large areas of rural Canada
◉ GPS is a method of data capture using: Answer: Trilateral
geometry and GCS (Geographic Coordinate Systems)
, ◉ Raster Data Answer: GRID. Pixels with area, equal area grids each
addressed with attributes.
◉ Topology in raster data is: Answer: Implicit. Because of Cartesian
coordinate system.
◉ Vector Data Answer: LINEAR. Points, lines, and polygons. With
"features" and "attributes".
◉ Topology in vector data is: Answer: Created through tables
◉ Boolean Algebra Answer: used to extract results, uses logical
operators AND, OR, NOT to determine whether a particular
condition is true or false
◉ point analysis Answer: locate and identify features on the ground
◉ overlay analysis Answer: separate data sets that share all or part
of the same data --> new data set that identifies spatial relationships
◉ boundary analysis Answer: defines regions according to certain
criteria, districting
QUESTIONS AND EXPERT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ What is the most important component in a GIS? Answer: People
◉ 5 Core components of GIS Answer: People: most important,
develop procedures
Data: needed, accuracy can affect results
Hardware: processing sped and capability
Software: GIS, database, drawing,
statistical, imaging and other packages
Procedures: requires well defined, consistent
methods, to produce correct and reproducible
,results
◉ Map Answer: -Cartographic representation of geographic reality
-model of locations and distributions of geographic features
-dimensionally proportional to reality.
◉ Characteristics of a map Answer: extent
legend
scale
projection
coordinate system
datum
◉ GIS also explained by having these 3 elements Answer: Geometry,
Attributes, Behavior
◉ Geometry Answer: Represent geographic features
associated real-world locations
◉ Attributes Answer: The descriptive characteristics
,of the geographic features
◉ Behavior Answer: Geographic features can be
made to allow certain types of
editing, display, or analysis,
depending on what the user
defines
◉ How long has GIS been around? Answer: Since ancient cave
drawings (~3,000 yrs ago), Stone Age
◉ What was the first nation to develop a GIS? Answer: Canada:
analyze data
collected by the Canada Land
Inventory (CLI) to produce
statistics for use in developing
land management plans for
large areas of rural Canada
◉ GPS is a method of data capture using: Answer: Trilateral
geometry and GCS (Geographic Coordinate Systems)
, ◉ Raster Data Answer: GRID. Pixels with area, equal area grids each
addressed with attributes.
◉ Topology in raster data is: Answer: Implicit. Because of Cartesian
coordinate system.
◉ Vector Data Answer: LINEAR. Points, lines, and polygons. With
"features" and "attributes".
◉ Topology in vector data is: Answer: Created through tables
◉ Boolean Algebra Answer: used to extract results, uses logical
operators AND, OR, NOT to determine whether a particular
condition is true or false
◉ point analysis Answer: locate and identify features on the ground
◉ overlay analysis Answer: separate data sets that share all or part
of the same data --> new data set that identifies spatial relationships
◉ boundary analysis Answer: defines regions according to certain
criteria, districting
