Complete Comprehensive Virology
Mastery: BMI3705 Past Exam Papers
All 250 Questions with Correct Verified
Answers Guaranteed Pass Grade A+
What is epidemiology? - ANSWER -the study of the cause, distribution,
control, and prevention of disease in a population
What do epidemiologists study? - ANSWER -mechanisms of viral
transmission, risk factors for infection (triad model), size of the population needed
for virus transmission, geography, seasonal factors, and means of control
Triad model of disease - ANSWER -three factors that influence disease
caused by viruses: host, environment, viral pathogen
**** be able to compare and contrast epidemiology of HIV and FLU***** -
ANSWER -some not all: Flu and HIV
Host: both infect humans
HIV doesn't have vaccine
Flu is airborne
HIV always stays with host; flu is short
Prevalence - ANSWER -number of existing cases in a population
Incidence - ANSWER -number of new cases in a population
Endemic - ANSWER -native or confined to a particular region or people
Epidemic - ANSWER -a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a
community at a particular time.
Pandemic - ANSWER -worldwide epidemic
How are viral pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) transmitted and what factors
influence their transmission - ANSWER -
,What's the primary reservoir of the flu? - ANSWER -birds
Influenza has a - ANSWER -short incubation period within host. Time from
infections to symptoms is 1-2days
Infected influenza individuals act as - ANSWER -acute carriers of the
disease and transmit the virus through contact and fomites
What are factors that influence the spread if influenza virus - ANSWER --
population density ( positive spread factor),
- close contact with infected child and/or domesticated animals,
- heard immunity (vaccinated or unvaccinated population) (neg. Spread immunity),
- Migratory patterns of infected birds (avian flu) (neg influence),
- Public health programs/disease surveillance (neg. Influence) (rapid identification
of new strains)
Strategies to reduce influenza transmission - ANSWER -- vaccination
- good disease surveillance
- identification of disease outbreak
- potential quarantine
What is the HIV reservoir? - ANSWER -Humans
HIV pathogenesis - ANSWER -- Acute (1 to 2 months): flue or mono-like
symptoms, lymphadenopathy
- asymptomatic (8-10 years): "clinical latency", immune system in constant battle
with HIV
- AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome): immunodeficiency, diseases of
nervous, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, opportunistic infections, death
Strategies to reduce HIV prevalence - ANSWER -1. Development and use of
effective anti-retroviral therapies
2. Increased access to and affordability of life-saving drugs
3. HIV/AIDS education
4. Vaccine? May have to develop multiple HIV vaccines against various HIV
strains
,What is gene therapy? - ANSWER -the introduction of genes into a person's
cells to replace or compensate for defective (mutant) genes that are responsible for
a specific disease or medical problem.
What is Oncolytic therapy? - ANSWER -- uses viruses to selectively kill
cancer cells; very specific
- altering the tropism; altering the type of cells a virus is going to affect; infects
only those cancer cells
What types of diseases could we potentially "cure" using gene therapy? -
ANSWER -can cure genetic diseases, especially ones with only one
mutation that is a direct cause of a disease, harder with multiple genes
How can viruses be used to deliver genes? - ANSWER -- modified viruses
can be targeted tp deliver genes to the correct population of cells. Tropism of virus
must be altered (for specificity)
- In gene replacement, viruses are engineered so that they cannot replicate and
destroy or harm cells of the patient
What are proto-oncogenes? - ANSWER -normal genes that participate in cell
division in some form or fashion, turned on when cells need to divide normally;
can be converted to oncogenes by mutations
What are the hallmarks of a safe and effective gene therapy virus vector? -
ANSWER -- Targets the appropriate cells
- transcribes and translates the correct gene product so that the gene product can
function properly
- causes no toxic or harmful affects related to the gene delivery vehicle
What are two ways to deliver the viral vector to a patient? - ANSWER -- in
vivo therapy: the patient’s body is directly injected with the modified gene therapy
vector
- ex vivo therapy: the patients cells are removed, grown in culture dishes in the lab,
incubated with the viral vector to introduce the genes, then transplanted back into
the patient
KNOW THE IN VIVO AND EX VIVO DIAGRAM - ANSWER -
, What are the different types of oncolytic virotherapy? - ANSWER -- direct
oncolysis: efficient virus replication and lysis of tumor cells
- indirect oncolysis: suicide/ toxic genes
- virotherapy and immune stimulation: to stimulate host immune system in
particular cancer cells
KNOW SLIDES 14, 15, 17 of gene therapy ppt - ANSWER -
Slide 22 diagram from gene therapy - ANSWER -- p53: initiate apoptosis,
recognizes damaged DNA, tumor suppressor gene, recognizes and responds to cell
damage
- Commonly mutated in cancer cells
- Virus used is ONYX 015 an adenovirus
- ONYX-015 doesn't express E1B55K so it doesn't block p53 which will initiate
apoptosis and prevent virus from replicating and producing more of itself
EHV-1 as possible treatment for Glioblastoma? - ANSWER -Potential
Why EHV-1 for GBS? - ANSWER -1. Not a human pathogen so no pre-
exisitng antibodies
2. Large DNA genome, easily altered
3. Virus life cycle very well characterized
4. Uses MHC-1 receptor for entry into cells
KNOW SLIDE 20 FROM GENE THERAPY - ANSWER -
EHV-1 Summary - ANSWER -- EHV-1 can successfully infect and kill
human glioma cells variability in cell killing between different GBM lines)
- EHV-1 utilizes human MHC-1 as an entry receptor on glioma cells
- Positive correlation between the levels of MHC-1 expression and EHV-1
infection
- Infection of glioma cells can be blocked with antibody MHC-1
What are histone deacetylase inhibitors? - ANSWER -- used for therapy for
epilepsy, investigated for anti cancer
- novel class of anti-cancer agents
- prevent histone proteins on chromosomes from being deacetylated
Mastery: BMI3705 Past Exam Papers
All 250 Questions with Correct Verified
Answers Guaranteed Pass Grade A+
What is epidemiology? - ANSWER -the study of the cause, distribution,
control, and prevention of disease in a population
What do epidemiologists study? - ANSWER -mechanisms of viral
transmission, risk factors for infection (triad model), size of the population needed
for virus transmission, geography, seasonal factors, and means of control
Triad model of disease - ANSWER -three factors that influence disease
caused by viruses: host, environment, viral pathogen
**** be able to compare and contrast epidemiology of HIV and FLU***** -
ANSWER -some not all: Flu and HIV
Host: both infect humans
HIV doesn't have vaccine
Flu is airborne
HIV always stays with host; flu is short
Prevalence - ANSWER -number of existing cases in a population
Incidence - ANSWER -number of new cases in a population
Endemic - ANSWER -native or confined to a particular region or people
Epidemic - ANSWER -a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a
community at a particular time.
Pandemic - ANSWER -worldwide epidemic
How are viral pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) transmitted and what factors
influence their transmission - ANSWER -
,What's the primary reservoir of the flu? - ANSWER -birds
Influenza has a - ANSWER -short incubation period within host. Time from
infections to symptoms is 1-2days
Infected influenza individuals act as - ANSWER -acute carriers of the
disease and transmit the virus through contact and fomites
What are factors that influence the spread if influenza virus - ANSWER --
population density ( positive spread factor),
- close contact with infected child and/or domesticated animals,
- heard immunity (vaccinated or unvaccinated population) (neg. Spread immunity),
- Migratory patterns of infected birds (avian flu) (neg influence),
- Public health programs/disease surveillance (neg. Influence) (rapid identification
of new strains)
Strategies to reduce influenza transmission - ANSWER -- vaccination
- good disease surveillance
- identification of disease outbreak
- potential quarantine
What is the HIV reservoir? - ANSWER -Humans
HIV pathogenesis - ANSWER -- Acute (1 to 2 months): flue or mono-like
symptoms, lymphadenopathy
- asymptomatic (8-10 years): "clinical latency", immune system in constant battle
with HIV
- AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome): immunodeficiency, diseases of
nervous, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, opportunistic infections, death
Strategies to reduce HIV prevalence - ANSWER -1. Development and use of
effective anti-retroviral therapies
2. Increased access to and affordability of life-saving drugs
3. HIV/AIDS education
4. Vaccine? May have to develop multiple HIV vaccines against various HIV
strains
,What is gene therapy? - ANSWER -the introduction of genes into a person's
cells to replace or compensate for defective (mutant) genes that are responsible for
a specific disease or medical problem.
What is Oncolytic therapy? - ANSWER -- uses viruses to selectively kill
cancer cells; very specific
- altering the tropism; altering the type of cells a virus is going to affect; infects
only those cancer cells
What types of diseases could we potentially "cure" using gene therapy? -
ANSWER -can cure genetic diseases, especially ones with only one
mutation that is a direct cause of a disease, harder with multiple genes
How can viruses be used to deliver genes? - ANSWER -- modified viruses
can be targeted tp deliver genes to the correct population of cells. Tropism of virus
must be altered (for specificity)
- In gene replacement, viruses are engineered so that they cannot replicate and
destroy or harm cells of the patient
What are proto-oncogenes? - ANSWER -normal genes that participate in cell
division in some form or fashion, turned on when cells need to divide normally;
can be converted to oncogenes by mutations
What are the hallmarks of a safe and effective gene therapy virus vector? -
ANSWER -- Targets the appropriate cells
- transcribes and translates the correct gene product so that the gene product can
function properly
- causes no toxic or harmful affects related to the gene delivery vehicle
What are two ways to deliver the viral vector to a patient? - ANSWER -- in
vivo therapy: the patient’s body is directly injected with the modified gene therapy
vector
- ex vivo therapy: the patients cells are removed, grown in culture dishes in the lab,
incubated with the viral vector to introduce the genes, then transplanted back into
the patient
KNOW THE IN VIVO AND EX VIVO DIAGRAM - ANSWER -
, What are the different types of oncolytic virotherapy? - ANSWER -- direct
oncolysis: efficient virus replication and lysis of tumor cells
- indirect oncolysis: suicide/ toxic genes
- virotherapy and immune stimulation: to stimulate host immune system in
particular cancer cells
KNOW SLIDES 14, 15, 17 of gene therapy ppt - ANSWER -
Slide 22 diagram from gene therapy - ANSWER -- p53: initiate apoptosis,
recognizes damaged DNA, tumor suppressor gene, recognizes and responds to cell
damage
- Commonly mutated in cancer cells
- Virus used is ONYX 015 an adenovirus
- ONYX-015 doesn't express E1B55K so it doesn't block p53 which will initiate
apoptosis and prevent virus from replicating and producing more of itself
EHV-1 as possible treatment for Glioblastoma? - ANSWER -Potential
Why EHV-1 for GBS? - ANSWER -1. Not a human pathogen so no pre-
exisitng antibodies
2. Large DNA genome, easily altered
3. Virus life cycle very well characterized
4. Uses MHC-1 receptor for entry into cells
KNOW SLIDE 20 FROM GENE THERAPY - ANSWER -
EHV-1 Summary - ANSWER -- EHV-1 can successfully infect and kill
human glioma cells variability in cell killing between different GBM lines)
- EHV-1 utilizes human MHC-1 as an entry receptor on glioma cells
- Positive correlation between the levels of MHC-1 expression and EHV-1
infection
- Infection of glioma cells can be blocked with antibody MHC-1
What are histone deacetylase inhibitors? - ANSWER -- used for therapy for
epilepsy, investigated for anti cancer
- novel class of anti-cancer agents
- prevent histone proteins on chromosomes from being deacetylated
