TRU Biol 2131 Exam Questions and Answers
(Verified) COMPLETE 2026/2027 | Latest
Update |Graded A+!!
What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory? - CORRECT ANSWER-1) All organisms are composed of one
or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
Fundamental properties that are shared by all cells (9)? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Cells are highly
complex and organized
- Possess a genetic program
- Can reproduce
- Acquire and use energy
- Carry out chemical reactions
- Engage in mechanical activities
- Respond to stimuli
- Capable of self-regulation
How is energy passed from one organism to the next? - CORRECT ANSWER-Light energy is converted
by photosynthesis into chemical energy that is stored in energy-rich carbohydrates. These carbs are
source of energy for animal cells.
Common features between PROK and EUK (9) - CORRECT ANSWER-PM, genetic info (DNA), similar
mechanisms for transcription/translation, shared metabolic pathways (glycolysis, TCA), ATP,
photosynthesis mechanisms, protein synthesis, proteasomes, cytoskeletal filaments built of proteins
similar to actin and tubulin
EUK only features - CORRECT ANSWER-nucleus, complex chromosomes (DNA + histones),
cytoplasmic organelles, complex cytoskeletal system/flagella/cilia, phagocytosis, diploidy, sexual
reproduction, mitotic spindles
two domains of PROK cells - CORRECT ANSWER-archae and bacteria
(archae are more closely related to EUK)
EUK specialized cells are formed by - CORRECT ANSWER-differentiation
As cell size increases, surface area/volume ratio ___ - CORRECT ANSWER-decreases
,Surface area/volume ratio importance in cell size. - CORRECT ANSWER-Larger the cell (cytoplasmic
volume) = longer it takes to move things in/out, generate messages required by cell
- Too big = SA not sufficient to support cell activities
viruses - obligatory intracellular parasites - CORRECT ANSWER-means they cannot produce unless
present within a host cell
are viruses considered living organisms? - CORRECT ANSWER-no; inability to reproduce/metabolize
without host cells
viroid - CORRECT ANSWER-infectious agent consisting of a small circular RNA molecule that lacks a
protein coat. Thought to cause disease by interfering with the cell's normal path of gene expression
Can viruses be treated with antibiotics? - CORRECT ANSWER-No
Most sugars have the general formula - CORRECT ANSWER-Ch2O
carbs can be joined together by covalent ___bonds - CORRECT ANSWER-glycosidic
oligosaccharides - role? - CORRECT ANSWER-small chains often found covalently attached to lipids
and proteins, converting them into glycolipids and glycoproteins.
- 15 glucose or fewer per chain
- Role in mediating the interactions of a cell with its environment and sorting of membrane proteins
to different cellular compartments
glycogen - CORRECT ANSWER-- highly branched, energy storages.
- Glucose polymer
- animal cells
starch - CORRECT ANSWER-helical arrangement, energy storage.
Glucose polymer
- Amylose (unbranched) vs amylopectin (branched)
- Stored as densely packed granules enclosed in membrane bound organelles (plastids) within the
plant cell
Cellulose - CORRECT ANSWER-unbranched, highly extended, structural role.
Main component in plant cell walls
Chitin - CORRECT ANSWER-a polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects and the cell
walls of fungi
- does not consist of glucose monomers
hydrogenation of fat - CORRECT ANSWER-converts some cis bonds to trans = straighter
steroid structure - CORRECT ANSWER-characteristic 4-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton
Important steroid in body - CORRECT ANSWER-cholesterol - component of animal cell membranes,
precursor for steroid hormones such as testosterone progesterone and estrogen
, phospholipid structure - CORRECT ANSWER-2FAs + glycerol
one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic end
function primarily in cell membranes
Evolutionary importance of common properties between PROK and EUK? - CORRECT ANSWER-The
similarities reflect the fact that EUK cells have evolved almost certainly from PROK ancestors. Due to
their common ancestry, the two types of cells share an identical genetic code that uses DNA and
RNA, a common set of metabolic pathways, and many common structural features.
Lytic infections - CORRECT ANSWER-- Use host cell machinery to make new virions
- Will lyse host to release progeny to infect other cells
lysogenic infections - CORRECT ANSWER-- Virus integrates DNA into host cell (provirus)
- No lysing of host
- Effects depend on type of virus
4 types of macromolecules? Which monomers are the building blocks of polymers? - CORRECT
ANSWER-- sugars = polysaccharides
- amino acids = proteins
- nucleotides = nucleic acids
- FAs = lipids
3 polysaccharides composed of glucose polymers - CORRECT ANSWER-glycogen, starch, cellulose
3 types of lipid molecules and role of each - CORRECT ANSWER-- Fats = rich in chemical energy;
energy storage
- Steroids = components of animal cell membranes and precursors of steroid hormones; cholesterol
is involved in membrane fluidity
- Phospholipids: cell membranes
functions of proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER-enzymes, structural cables, hormones/growth factors,
membrane receptors/transporters, contractile filaments, antibodies, etc
how are peptide bonds formed? broken? - CORRECT ANSWER-condensation (dehydration) reaction...
hydrolysis
3 unique Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER-- Glycine: only H atom as side chain = very flexible
- Proline: amino group as part of ring = produces kinks or hinges
- Cysteine: contains sulfhydryl group = can form disulfide bridges
Primary structure of protein - CORRECT ANSWER-linear sequence of amino acids
(Verified) COMPLETE 2026/2027 | Latest
Update |Graded A+!!
What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory? - CORRECT ANSWER-1) All organisms are composed of one
or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
Fundamental properties that are shared by all cells (9)? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Cells are highly
complex and organized
- Possess a genetic program
- Can reproduce
- Acquire and use energy
- Carry out chemical reactions
- Engage in mechanical activities
- Respond to stimuli
- Capable of self-regulation
How is energy passed from one organism to the next? - CORRECT ANSWER-Light energy is converted
by photosynthesis into chemical energy that is stored in energy-rich carbohydrates. These carbs are
source of energy for animal cells.
Common features between PROK and EUK (9) - CORRECT ANSWER-PM, genetic info (DNA), similar
mechanisms for transcription/translation, shared metabolic pathways (glycolysis, TCA), ATP,
photosynthesis mechanisms, protein synthesis, proteasomes, cytoskeletal filaments built of proteins
similar to actin and tubulin
EUK only features - CORRECT ANSWER-nucleus, complex chromosomes (DNA + histones),
cytoplasmic organelles, complex cytoskeletal system/flagella/cilia, phagocytosis, diploidy, sexual
reproduction, mitotic spindles
two domains of PROK cells - CORRECT ANSWER-archae and bacteria
(archae are more closely related to EUK)
EUK specialized cells are formed by - CORRECT ANSWER-differentiation
As cell size increases, surface area/volume ratio ___ - CORRECT ANSWER-decreases
,Surface area/volume ratio importance in cell size. - CORRECT ANSWER-Larger the cell (cytoplasmic
volume) = longer it takes to move things in/out, generate messages required by cell
- Too big = SA not sufficient to support cell activities
viruses - obligatory intracellular parasites - CORRECT ANSWER-means they cannot produce unless
present within a host cell
are viruses considered living organisms? - CORRECT ANSWER-no; inability to reproduce/metabolize
without host cells
viroid - CORRECT ANSWER-infectious agent consisting of a small circular RNA molecule that lacks a
protein coat. Thought to cause disease by interfering with the cell's normal path of gene expression
Can viruses be treated with antibiotics? - CORRECT ANSWER-No
Most sugars have the general formula - CORRECT ANSWER-Ch2O
carbs can be joined together by covalent ___bonds - CORRECT ANSWER-glycosidic
oligosaccharides - role? - CORRECT ANSWER-small chains often found covalently attached to lipids
and proteins, converting them into glycolipids and glycoproteins.
- 15 glucose or fewer per chain
- Role in mediating the interactions of a cell with its environment and sorting of membrane proteins
to different cellular compartments
glycogen - CORRECT ANSWER-- highly branched, energy storages.
- Glucose polymer
- animal cells
starch - CORRECT ANSWER-helical arrangement, energy storage.
Glucose polymer
- Amylose (unbranched) vs amylopectin (branched)
- Stored as densely packed granules enclosed in membrane bound organelles (plastids) within the
plant cell
Cellulose - CORRECT ANSWER-unbranched, highly extended, structural role.
Main component in plant cell walls
Chitin - CORRECT ANSWER-a polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects and the cell
walls of fungi
- does not consist of glucose monomers
hydrogenation of fat - CORRECT ANSWER-converts some cis bonds to trans = straighter
steroid structure - CORRECT ANSWER-characteristic 4-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton
Important steroid in body - CORRECT ANSWER-cholesterol - component of animal cell membranes,
precursor for steroid hormones such as testosterone progesterone and estrogen
, phospholipid structure - CORRECT ANSWER-2FAs + glycerol
one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic end
function primarily in cell membranes
Evolutionary importance of common properties between PROK and EUK? - CORRECT ANSWER-The
similarities reflect the fact that EUK cells have evolved almost certainly from PROK ancestors. Due to
their common ancestry, the two types of cells share an identical genetic code that uses DNA and
RNA, a common set of metabolic pathways, and many common structural features.
Lytic infections - CORRECT ANSWER-- Use host cell machinery to make new virions
- Will lyse host to release progeny to infect other cells
lysogenic infections - CORRECT ANSWER-- Virus integrates DNA into host cell (provirus)
- No lysing of host
- Effects depend on type of virus
4 types of macromolecules? Which monomers are the building blocks of polymers? - CORRECT
ANSWER-- sugars = polysaccharides
- amino acids = proteins
- nucleotides = nucleic acids
- FAs = lipids
3 polysaccharides composed of glucose polymers - CORRECT ANSWER-glycogen, starch, cellulose
3 types of lipid molecules and role of each - CORRECT ANSWER-- Fats = rich in chemical energy;
energy storage
- Steroids = components of animal cell membranes and precursors of steroid hormones; cholesterol
is involved in membrane fluidity
- Phospholipids: cell membranes
functions of proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER-enzymes, structural cables, hormones/growth factors,
membrane receptors/transporters, contractile filaments, antibodies, etc
how are peptide bonds formed? broken? - CORRECT ANSWER-condensation (dehydration) reaction...
hydrolysis
3 unique Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER-- Glycine: only H atom as side chain = very flexible
- Proline: amino group as part of ring = produces kinks or hinges
- Cysteine: contains sulfhydryl group = can form disulfide bridges
Primary structure of protein - CORRECT ANSWER-linear sequence of amino acids
